The Fundamentals of Plowing, Anti‐icing, De‐icing and Sanding

Klein-Paste, Alex; Dalen, Rune

doi:10.1002/9781119185161.ch6

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Sodium chloride solution at 10 wt% is the concentration of salt that is commonly found on road pavements as a result of winter maintenance operations ( 31 , 32 ); the corresponding solution was created in the laboratory by mixing salt solid and distilled water with a ratio of 1:9. The testing samples were then submerged in water inside a plastic box filled with the prepared solution and were put in a thermostatically controlled cabinet at 0°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Exposed to Sodium Chloride

Zhang

Chen

Barbieri

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Spreading sodium chloride salt is one of the most effective operations to tackle ice formation on the surface of a road pavement during cold seasons, thus ensuring safer driving conditions. However, in addition to negative environmental impact, sodium chloride solution could influence the properties and durability of asphalt mixtures. Based on these premises, this laboratory study aims to characterize the mechanical properties of different asphalt mixtures exposed to sodium chloride solution. Four types of asphalt mixtures were immersed in 10 wt% sodium chloride solution for four cycles. The macroscopic surface, moisture absorption, Marshall stability, Marshall quotient, dynamic modulus, and resilient modulus were evaluated. The behavior of the asphalt mixtures was severely deteriorated by the exposure to sodium chloride solution and immersion cycles, resulting in damaged surface, loose structure, degraded stability, and stiffness. The mixture with polymer modified asphalt binder showed the best overall performance. Traditional asphalt mixtures with neat bitumen showed a better performance to resist sodium chloride solution compared with stone mastic asphalt mixtures with neat bitumen because of their dense structure, whereas traditional asphalt mixtures with polymer modified bitumen had a sensitivity to sodium chloride solution similar to that of stone mastic asphalt mixtures with polymer modified bitumen. Based on the findings of this study, using asphalt mixtures with polymer modified bitumen is recommended when road maintenance operations entailing the use of sodium chloride are envisaged.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Exposed to Sodium Chloride

Zhang

Chen

Barbieri

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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“…Such chemicals are either applied proactively (in anti‐icing operations) to prevent the bond of snow/ice to the pavement, or applied reactively (in deicing operations) to weaken the bond and facilitate easy removal by plows and traffic. In addition to lowering the freezing point of water on pavement, deicers also help loosen the snow/ice and make it more difficult to be compacted (Klein‐Paste & Dalen, 2018). NaCl is the most commonly used deicer, since it is an economic and effective material that is readily available in sufficient amounts (Lilek, 2017).…”

Section: Deicers and Their Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review

Nazari

Potapova

McIntyre

et al. 2021

Water Environment Research

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During winter, snow and ice on roads in regions with cold weather can increase traffic crashes and casualties, resulting in travel delays and financial burdens to society. Anti‐icing or deicing the roads can serve a cost‐effective method to significantly reduce such risks. Although traditionally the main priorities of winter road maintenance (WRM) have been level of service, cost‐effectiveness, and corrosion reduction, it is increasingly clear that understanding the environmental impacts of deicers is vital. One of the most important problems in this regard is environmental contamination caused by cumulative use of deicers, which has many detrimental effects on the aquatic systems. Among the deicers, the chloride‐based ones raise the most toxicological concerns because they are highly soluble, can migrate quickly in the environment and have cumulative effects over time. In this review, we summarize and organize existing data, including the latest findings about the adverse effects of deicers on surface water and groundwater, aquatic species, and human health, and identify future research priorities. In addition, the data provided can be used to develop a framework for quantifying some of the variables that stakeholders and agencies use when preparing guidelines and standards for WRM programs. Practitioner points Pollution from the increasing use of roadway deicers may have detrimental effects on the environment. Of particular concern are the acute and cumulative risks that chloride salts pose to aquatic species. Chloride salts are water‐soluble, very difficult to remove, highly mobile, and non‐degradable. Deicers cause water stratification, change the chemicophysical properties of water, and affect aquatic species and human health. Current guidelines may not be appropriate for environmental protection and need to be revised.

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“…Thus, all snow bond measurement results should be viewed as relative comparisons to one another used to help understand how the various treatments affect the bonding of snow to the pavement. Addition of salt to compacted snow can affect snow in multiple ways, such as lowering the freezing point, contributing to anticompaction, and ultimately changing the mechanical properties of ice (24). The results of snow bond measurements for all tests are shown in Figure 6.…”

Section: Sequence Of Steps During a Laboratory Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces

Akin

Fay

Shi

2020

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Open graded, ultrathin, and permeable friction course surfaces (collectively referred to as PFSs) have been successfully used by many transportation agencies in several countries as a wearing surface to help reduce water splash and spray, reduce potential for hydroplaning, increase friction, and reduce noise. Despite these advantages, when used in colder climates PFSs tend to freeze more rapidly, transport deicing/anti-icing chemicals from the road surface, clog from sands and other debris, and retain snow and ice for a longer period of time. Most of the reported difficulties with PFSs are at near-freezing temperatures (28°F–35°F). Laboratory tests were conducted using samples of traditional dense graded pavement (DGP), cores from new and old in-service open graded friction course pavements, and ultrathin friction course samples made from hot mix asphalt collected from paving operations. The tests were conducted in a walk-in environmental chamber at 28°F. Snow–pavement bond strength and static friction were measured to determine the effectiveness of anti-icing with salt brine and deicing with dry and pre-wet solid salt. The test results revealed that compacted snow bonds more strongly to PFSs, yet friction of PFSs was significantly greater than DGPs after snow removal, even without the use of salt. The PFSs appeared more white and snowy, and this appearance may be contributing to unnecessarily high application rates of salt by practitioners. Field testing is recommended to better understand the frictional behavior of PFSs during a variety of winter storm conditions and deicer application strategies.

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The Fundamentals of Plowing, Anti‐icing, De‐icing and Sanding

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Laboratory Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Exposed to Sodium Chloride

Laboratory Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Exposed to Sodium Chloride

Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review

Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces

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