Ibuprofen does not Impair Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Upon Cardiotoxin-Induced Injury

Abstract

Muscle regeneration is regulated through interaction between muscle and immune cells. Studies showed that treatment with supra-physiological doses of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) abolished inflammatory signaling and impaired muscle recovery. The present study examines the effects of pharmacologically-relevant NSAID treatment on muscle regeneration. C57BL/6 mice were injected in the tibialis anterior (TA) with either PBS or cardiotoxin (CTX). CTX-injected mice received ibuprofen (CTX-IBU) or were untreated (CTX-PLAC). After 2 days, Il-1β and Il-6 expression was upregulated in the TA of CTX-IBU and CTX-PL vs. PBS. However, Cox-2 expression and macrophage infiltration were higher in CTX-PL vs. PBS, but not in CTX-IBU. At the same time, anabolic markers were higher in CTX-IBU vs. PBS, but not in CTX-PL. Nevertheless, ibuprofen did not affect muscle mass or muscle fiber regeneration. In conclusion, mild ibuprofen doses did not worsen muscle regeneration. There were even signs of a transient improvement in anabolic signaling and attenuation of inflammatory signaling.

Cannabinoid receptor 1 expression is higher in muscle of old vs. young males, and increases upon resistance exercise in older adults

“…Protein extraction and western blot analysis. As previously described 3,22,38 , frozen skeletal muscle tissue (15-20 mg) was homogenized (4 × 20 s) in ice-cold lysis buffer (1/10 w/v; 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0; 270 mM sucrose; 5 mM EGTA; 1 mM EDTA; 1 mM sodium orthovanadate; 50 mM glycerophosphate; 5 mM sodium pyrophosphate; 50 mM sodium fluoride; 1 mM dithiothreitol; 0.1% Triton X-100; and a complete protease inhibitor tablet) using the FastPrep (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA). The obtained homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000g (20 min at 4 °C) and the supernatant was stored at − 80 °C.…”

Benefits and pathologies associated with the inflammatory response

“…Icing prevents monocyte entry into the muscle [78]. Experimental investigations indicated that these treatments are either detrimental, or at least inefficient on skeletal muscle regeneration [79][80][81][82][83][84].…”