<i>Wolbachia</i> and other endosymbiont infections in spiders

Goodacre, Sara L.; Martin, Oliver Y.; Thomas, C. F. G.; Hewitt, Godfrey M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02802.x

Cited by 139 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Another area worthy of investigation is what happens when hosts harbor multiple infections (see Table 2). Co-infections with different strains of the same bacterium or different reproductive parasites are known to occur across arthropods (Weeks et al 2003;Goodacre et al 2006;Gotoh et al 2006;Duron et al 2008a;Skaljac et al 2010;Goodacre and Martin 2012). This problem has been the focus of theoretical (e.g., Engelstädter et al 2008;Vautrin et al 2008) and empirical study focusing specifically on interactions between Cardinium and the widespread Wolbachia (Gotoh et al 2006;Ros and Breeuwer 2009;White et al 2009;Sirviö and Pamilo 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surveys for infections with the two more common reproductive parasites, Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, are available for many arthropods (e.g., for spiders: Goodacre et al 2006). Within the Diptera, previous extensive surveys have focused on the genus Drosophila (Clark et al 2005;Mateos et al 2006), the Empidoidea (Martin et al 2013), and the Muscoidea, including the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity and Phylogeny of Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) in Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Gruwell

Normark

2009

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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Species of Cardinium are intracellular endosymbionts of arthropods. They are known to interfere with the mode of reproduction in some parasitoid wasp and mite hosts, and they are associated with parthenogenesis in the oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Here, we survey A. nerii more broadly for presence of Cardinium species. In total, we tested 593 individuals in 301 populations, representing 132 identified species of armored scale insects, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 16S rDNA. We obtained positive PCR results in 67 individuals of 34 populations, representing 20 species and one unidentified individual. Sequencing of these PCR products yields 20 new Cardinium haplotypes, raising the number of known insect-associated Cardinium haplotypes from 15 to 35. The new host-list elucidates the ecology of Cardinium, which in insects seems to be specialized on plant-feeding Hemiptera and associated parasitoid Hymenoptera. A phylogenetic analysis of all known insect-associated Cardinium 16S sequences reveals deep diversity in armored scale insects and implies horizontal transfer of Cardinium among armored scale insects and their parasitoids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Phylogeny of Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) in Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Gruwell

Normark

2009

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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“…For example, within single individuals of the aphid Cinara cedri, the obligate mutualistic endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicula can co-occur with a secondary symbiont and with the reproductive parasite Wolbachia (Gomez-Valero et al, 2004). Multiple infections with different strains of Wolbachia as well as co-infection of Wolbachia with other bacteria in arthropods are also well documented (Werren et al, 1995;Weeks et al, 2003;Zchori-Fein & Perlman, 2004;Goodacre et al, 2006). Indeed, up to five distinct Wolbachia strains have been recorded within a single individual (Reuter & Keller, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The evolution of endosymbiont density in doubly infected host species

Engelstädter

Hammerstein

Hurst

2006

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Multiple infection of individual hosts with several species or strains of maternally inherited endosymbionts is commonly observed in animals, especially insects. Here, we address theoretically the effect of co‐infection on the optimal density of the endosymbionts in doubly infected hosts. Our analysis is based on the observation that a maternally inherited double infection is only stable if doubly infected females produce more doubly infected daughters than singly infected or uninfected females produce daughters. We consider both a general model and a model involving two endosymbionts inducing bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). We demonstrate that the optimal replication rate of endosymbionts in doubly infected hosts can be expected to be similar to or below the optimal replication rate in singly infected hosts. This is in contrast to some theoretical predictions for horizontally transmitted parasites and stems from the two strains of endosymbionts having coupled fitness. We discuss our results with respect to recent empirical results on endosymbiont densities, the evolution of CI‐inducing bacteria and, more generally, the evolution of cooperation through direct fitness benefits.

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“…We screened 250 individual mites, collected form five field populations, for infection with Wolbachia and/or Cardinium (Figure 2 (Goodacre et al, 2006), were detected in any of the cloned samples. The sequences found most likely represent general contaminant bacteria-six clones were similar to Streptococcus spp.…”

Section: Infection Frequencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of, and interactions between, Cardinium and Wolbachia in the doubly infected spider mite Bryobia sarothamni

Ros

Breeuwer

2009

Heredity

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Many arthropods are infected with vertically transmitted, intracellular bacteria manipulating their host's reproduction. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is commonly observed and is expressed as a reduction in the number of offspring in crosses between infected males and uninfected females (or females infected with a different bacterial strain). CI is often related to the presence of Wolbachia, but recent findings indicate that a second reproductive parasite, Cardinium, is also capable of inducing CI. Although both Wolbachia and Cardinium occur in arthropods and may infect the same host species, little is known about their interactions. We observed Wolbachia and Cardinium in the sexual spider mite Bryobia sarothamni (Acari: Tetranychidae) and investigated the effects of both bacteria on reproduction. We performed all possible crossing combinations using naturally infected strains, and show that Cardinium induces strong CI, expressed as an almost complete female mortality. B. sarothamni is the third host species in which Cardiniuminduced CI is observed, and this study reveals the strongest CI effect found so far. Wolbachia, however, did not induce CI. Even so, CI was not induced by doubly infected males, and neither singly Wolbachia-infected nor doubly infected females could rescue CI induced by Cardinium-infected males. Possibly, this is related to the differences between Cardinium strains infecting singly and doubly infected individuals. We found a cost of infection in single infected individuals, but not in doubly infected individuals. We show that infection frequencies in field populations ranged from completely uninfected to a polymorphic state. In none of the populations infections were fixed.

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Wolbachia and other endosymbiont infections in spiders

Cited by 139 publications

References 46 publications

Diversity and Phylogeny of Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) in Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Diversity and Phylogeny of Cardinium (Bacteroidetes) in Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

The evolution of endosymbiont density in doubly infected host species

The effects of, and interactions between, Cardinium and Wolbachia in the doubly infected spider mite Bryobia sarothamni

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