‘I’ve been to Bali too’ (and I will be going back): are terrorist shocks to Bali's tourist arrivals permanent or transitory?

Energy consumption at the state level: The unit root null hypothesis from Australia

“…Given the sheer policy relevance of understanding the nature of shocks that affect a time series variable, the unit root null hypothesis has been used to test the nature of shocks in microeconomic variables as well, such as health expenditures [16,18], and tourism expenditures or arrivals [15,17,28].…”

Are shocks to commodity prices persistent?

“…The strong theoretical and policy relevance of understanding whether or not a series is persistent has attracted research on non-macroeconomic data series. For example, there are studies on health expenditures [4,5], tourism [6][7][8], and energy [9,10]. It is the latter that is of particular interest to us in this paper.…”

Asian Financial Crisis, Avian Flu and Terrorist Threats: Are Shocks to Malaysian Tourist Arrivals Permanent or Transitory?

“…In treating source markets separately we follow several recent studies (see eg. Bhattacharya and Narayan, 2005;Narayan, 2006;Smyth et al, 2006) It is important to treat each source market separately given tourism demand studies suggest that different source markets may respond differently to a particular shock (see Narayan, 2004 for a survey). The above discussion of potential shocks to international tourist arrivals suggests there are some events such as tension between Malaysia and Singapore or adverse media regarding treatment of tourists from China that are likely to represent shocks to specific source markets for Malaysia.…”

“…In each case he found that the coups had a transitory effect on tourist arrivals and tourist expenditure in Fiji. Narayan (2006) and Smyth et al (2006) applied univariate and panel LM unit root tests with one and two structural breaks to examine whether shocks to international tourist arrivals to Australia and Bali respectively were permanent or transitory. Both studies found that shocks to international tourist arrivals were transitory.…”