<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>virus: a review of the literature

Graves, Keonte J; Ghosh, Arindam; Kissinger, Patricia; Muzny, Christina A

doi:10.1177/0956462418809767

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The percentage of TV isolates positive for TVV was 40%. Among the 19 studies previously performed in the United States that were related to TVV positivity, the majority of which only included a small number of TV isolates [25], the percentage of TVV+ TV isolates ranged from a low of 30% [11] to a high of 100% [26]. Only 1 study had a larger sample size than this study, with 500 TV isolates, of which 250 (50%) were TVV+ [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance

Graves

Ghosh

Schmidt

et al. 2019

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) is a non-segmented, 4.5–5.5 kilo-base pair (kbp), double-stranded RNA virus infecting T. vaginalis. The objectives of this study were to examine the TVV prevalence in US Trichomonas vaginalis isolates and TVV’s associations with patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and metronidazole resistance. Methods Archived T. vaginalis isolates from the enrollment visits of 355 women participating in a T. vaginalis treatment trial in Birmingham, Alabama, were thawed and grown in culture. Their total RNA was extracted using a Trizol reagent. Contaminating, single-stranded RNA was precipitated using 4.0 M Lithium Chloride and centrifugation. The samples were analyzed by gel electrophoresis to visualize a 4.5 kbp band representative of TVV. In vitro testing for metronidazole resistance was also performed on 25/47 isolates obtained from the women’s test of cure visits. Results TVV was detected in 142/355 (40%) isolates at the enrollment visit. Women with TVV-positive (TVV+) isolates were significantly older (P = .01), more likely to smoke (P = .04), and less likely to report a history of gonorrhea (P = .04). There was no association between the presence of clinical symptoms or repeat T. vaginalis infections with TVV+ isolates (P = .14 and P = .44, respectively). Of 25 test of cure isolates tested for metronidazole resistance, 0/10 TVV+ isolates demonstrated resistance, while 2/15 TVV-negative isolates demonstrated mild to moderate resistance (P = .23). Conclusions Of 355 T. vaginalis isolates tested for TVV, T. vaginalis isolates tested for TVV, the prevalence was 40%. However, there was no association of TVV+ isolates with clinical symptoms, repeat infections, or metronidazole resistance. These results suggest that TVV may be commensal to T. vaginalis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance

Graves

Ghosh

Schmidt

et al. 2019

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…14 La tricomoniasis es la ITS no viral más común, que acomete a cerca de 140 millones de personas al año en el mundo. Causada por un parásito flagelado, T. vaginalis 15 que promueve cambios en el microbioma vaginal, aumento de la respuesta inflamatoria local e importante reducción en el número de Lactobacillus sp. La tricomoniasis está asociada al aumento de la probabilidad de transmisión del VIH.…”

Section: Figura 1 -Factores Que Predisponen a La Candidiasis Vulvovagunclassified

“…La tricomoniasis puede asociarse a la vaginosis bacteriana en un ambiente anaerobio, con volatilización de aminas y olor sugestivo. 15…”

Section: Tricomoniasisunclassified

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: infecções que causam corrimento vaginal

Carvalho

Eleutério

Travassos

et al. 2021

Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde

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Resumo O tema corrimento vaginal é um dos capítulos que compõem o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. Tal documento foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões com especialistas. Neste artigo, são apresentados aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos relacionados às situações de corrimento vaginal, bem como orientações aos gestores e profissionais de saúde na triagem, diagnóstico e tratamento desses agravos, que constituem uma das principais queixas entre mulheres que procuram serviços de saúde e que podem ser causados por fatores infecciosos ou não infecciosos. Além disso, são apresentadas informações sobre estratégias para as ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle, a fim de promover o conhecimento do problema e a oferta de assistência de qualidade e tratamento efetivo.

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“…TVV is a 4.5 kbp dsRNA virus that infects some T. vaginalis isolates (Wang and Wang, 1985). Four strains of TVV have been described since its discovery in the mid-1980s with TVV1 being the most common strain, followed by TVV2 and TVV3, with TVV4 being least common (Graves et al ., 2019). TVV2 and TVV3 are associated with expression of the surface immunogen P270.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance inTrichomonas vaginalis

et al. 2020

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Background Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-Nitroimidazoles [metronidazole (MTZ) and tinidazole (TDZ)] are FDA-approved treatments. To better understand treatment failure, we conducted a systematic review on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance. Methods PubMed, ScienceDirect and EMBASE databases were searched using keywords Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, 5-nitroimidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole and drug resistance. Non-English language articles and articles on other treatments were excluded. Results The search yielded 606 articles, of which 550 were excluded, leaving 58 articles. Trichomonas vaginalis resistance varies and is higher with MTZ (2.2–9.6%) than TDZ (0–2%). Resistance can be aerobic or anaerobic and is relative rather than absolute. Differential expression of enzymes involved in trichomonad energy production and antioxidant defenses affects 5-nitroimidazole drug activation; reduced expression of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, ferredoxin, nitroreductase, hydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase are implicated in drug resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis infection with Mycoplasma hominis or T. vaginalis virus has also been associated with resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis has two genotypes, with greater resistance seen in type 2 (vs type 1) populations. Discussion 5-Nitroimidazole resistance results from differential expression of enzymes involved in energy production or antioxidant defenses, along with genetic mutations in the T. vaginalis genome. Alternative treatments outside of the 5-nitroimidazole class are needed.

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Trichomonas vaginalisvirus: a review of the literature

Cited by 34 publications

References 63 publications

Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance

Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: infecções que causam corrimento vaginal

A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance inTrichomonas vaginalis

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