<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>coinfection with diseases and parasites in wild rabbits in Scotland

Mason, Sarah; Dubey, J. P.; Smith, Judith E.; Boag, B.

doi:10.1017/s003118201500075x

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For example, chickens are generally considered refractory to infection with type I or II oocysts ( 49 , 50 ), but they may cause severe disease in other host species such as mice ( 51 ). Whereas, co-infection of chickens with two common apicomplexan parasites did not reveal any significant mutual effects on disease pathogenesis ( 47 ), a study of wild rabbits in Scotland suggested a link between T. gondii infection and higher burdens of E. stiedae ( 52 ). Whether differences in the virulence of T. gondii infection in different host species could have a significant impact on their susceptibility to co-infection with other pathogens remains to be determined.…”

Section: Apicomplexan Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Influence of Parasite Infections on Host Immunity to Co-infection With Other Pathogens

Mabbott

2018

Front. Immunol.

110

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Parasites have evolved a wide range of mechanisms that they use to evade or manipulate the host's immune response and establish infection. The majority of the in vivo studies that have investigated these host-parasite interactions have been undertaken in experimental animals, especially rodents, which were housed and maintained to a high microbiological status. However, in the field situation it is increasingly apparent that pathogen co-infections within the same host are a common occurrence. For example, chronic infection with pathogens including malarial parasites, soil-transmitted helminths, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and viruses such as HIV may affect a third of the human population of some developing countries. Increasing evidence shows that co-infection with these pathogens may alter susceptibility to other important pathogens, and/or influence vaccine efficacy through their effects on host immune responsiveness. Co-infection with certain pathogens may also hinder accurate disease diagnosis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the host's immune response to infection with different types of parasites can influence susceptibility to infection with other pathogenic microorganisms. A greater understanding of how infectious disease susceptibility and pathogenesis can be influenced by parasite co-infections will enhance disease diagnosis and the design of novel vaccines or therapeutics to more effectively control the spread of infectious diseases.

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Section: Apicomplexan Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Influence of Parasite Infections on Host Immunity to Co-infection With Other Pathogens

Mabbott

2018

Front. Immunol.

110

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“…Mixed infections with T. gondii and Eimeria spp. were found in wild rabbits in a recent case report [ 14 ]. The ability of T. gondii to suppress the macrophage-associated defense to Mycobacterium avium has been shown in vitro [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages

et al. 2018

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BackgroundToxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella are two common parasites in poultry. Mixed infections are likely to occur frequently in chickens due to the high prevalence of both pathogens. In this study, we investigate the co-occurrence of the two pathogens in the same immunocompetent host cell population towards potential parasite-parasite as well as altered patterns of parasite-host interactions.MethodsPrimary macrophages from chicken blood were co-infected in vitro with T. gondii tachyzoites (RH strain) and E. tenella sporozoites (Houghton strain) for 72 h. Morphological observations by light microscopy and assessments of parasite replication by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (hpi). Six host cell immune factors previously linked to T. gondii or E. tenella infection were selected for gene expression analysis in this study.ResultsDistinct morphological changes of macrophages were observed during mixed infection at 24 hpi and immunological activation of host cells was obvious. Macrophage mRNA expression for iNOS at 48 hpi and for TNF-α at 72 hpi were significantly elevated after mixed infection. Distinct upregulation of IL-10 was also present during co-infection compared to Eimeria mono-infection at 48 and 72 hpi. At 72 hpi, the total number of macrophages as well as the number of both parasites decreased markedly. As measured by qPCR, E. tenella population tended to increase during T. gondii co-infection, while T. gondii replication was not distinctly altered.ConclusionsMutual interactions of T. gondii and E. tenella were observed in the selected co-infection model. The interactions are supposed to be indirect considering the observed changes in host cell metabolism. This study would thus help understanding the course of co-infection in chickens that may be relevant in terms of veterinary and zoonotic considerations.

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“…is high, especially in free-ranging chickens (Al-Gawad et al 2012;Deyab and Hassanein 2005;Lehmann et al 2006). A recent case reported in Scotland showed co-infection of T. gondii and Eimeria stiedae in a wild rabbit (Mason et al 2015). Field studies on co-infections in chickens are currently lacking; however, an experimental in vivo study points at putative interaction of T. gondii and E. tenella during co-infection (Hiob et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apicomplexan co-infections impair with phagocytic activity in avian macrophages

et al. 2020

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Mixed infections of Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella are likely to occur frequently due to the high prevalence of both pathogens in free-ranging chickens. In this study, we investigated the co-occurrence of the two parasites in the same immune-competent host cell towards altered patterns of parasite-host interactions. Chicken blood monocyte–derived macrophages were co-infected with T. gondii RH tachyzoites and E. tenella Houghton sporozoites in vitro for 24 h. Through monitoring the uptake of pH-sensitive pHrodo™ Zymosan BioParticles (“Zymosan”) by macrophages, we created a three-dimensional model and to analyze quantitatively phagocytosis using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Assessments of parasite populations were performed by qPCR at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi). At 6 hpi, phagocytosis was inhibited in the E. tenella–infected cultures while no inhibition of phagocytosis was observed due to T. gondii. Phagocytosis activity revealed more complex interactions during co-infection. At 12 and 24 hpi, phagocytosis response to “Zymosan” was distinctly weaker in co-infected cells than in all other groups except for cells mono-infected with high doses of E. tenella at 24 hpi. By qPCR, significantly reduced numbers of both intracellular parasites were recorded (10-fold) in all infected groups at 2 hpi. At 12 hpi, the T. gondii population reached lowest values but dramatically increased by 24 hpi. Our data confirm that macrophage phagocytosis is involved in the control of invasion by apicomplexan parasites in chicken which particularly applies to E. tenella infection and it was able to be altered by the co-existing parasites.

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Toxoplasma gondiicoinfection with diseases and parasites in wild rabbits in Scotland

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

The Influence of Parasite Infections on Host Immunity to Co-infection With Other Pathogens

The Influence of Parasite Infections on Host Immunity to Co-infection With Other Pathogens

Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages

Apicomplexan co-infections impair with phagocytic activity in avian macrophages

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