“…Managers "plan, organize, staff, direct and evaluate" and "make decisions" with the goal of adding value to an organization (1999,204). Following Kuhn (1962), Boddewyn also argues that "management is a historically and socially constructed process" (1999,205). The scope and focus of management is also addressed by Martinez and Toyne (2000), who examine three separate approaches to defining management as a field of inquiry: those of Koontz (1961Koontz ( , 1980, the Academy of Management's organizational structure, and Hofstede (1980Hofstede ( , 1993.…”