SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM FREUDENTHAL, S. GOREAUII SP. NOV., S. KAWAGUTII SP. NOV. AND S. PILOSUM SP. NOV.: GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIONTS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES 1

Trench, Robert K.; Blank, R.

doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb02534.x

Cited by 223 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The coccoid cells are limited by a cell wall which is probably cellulosic, as the walls stain positively with the fluorescent dye Calcofluor White, but not after treatment with cellulase (Markell et at., 1992). The cell wall is apparent in hospite and in culture (Figs 5,6) and the plasmalemma is within the cell wall (Trench & Blank, 1987;Banaszak et al, 1993;cf. F. J. R. Taylor, 1987).…”

Section: Morphology Of the Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals brought on board ship were homogenised in a Virtis blender in sterile-filtered seawater, and the algae separated as described previously (Trench & Blank, 1987). The isolated algae were inoculated into sterile ASP-SA (BIank, 1987).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, dinoflagellates representing seven genera in at least four orders are recognised as symbionts (Banaszak et al, 1993). Independent analyses employing 'classical' morphology, biochemistry, karyotyping (Schoenberg & Trench, 1980a-c;Trench & Blank, 1987;Banaszak et aI., 1993) and molecular approaches (Blank & Huss, 1989;Rowan & Powers, 1991a, b;McNally et al, 1994) have all reached the conclusion that several different species of dinoflagellates are symbiotic with various species of marine invertebrates, and there is no correlation between host and symbiont taxa. Unrelated hosts (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gymnodinium linucheaesp. nov.: The dinoflagellate symbiont of the jellyfishLinuche unguiculata

Trench¹,

Thinh²

1995

European Journal of Phycology

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Section: Morphology Of the Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gymnodinium linucheaesp. nov.: The dinoflagellate symbiont of the jellyfishLinuche unguiculata

Trench¹,

Thinh²

1995

European Journal of Phycology

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“…in Clade A that appear to exist as non-symbiotic free-living taxa. Symbiodinium pilosum (synonymous with type A2; Trench & Blank, 1987), grown from culture, has yet to be detected in analyses of field-collected host samples (e.g. LaJeunesse, 2002) and does not successfully infect experimental aposymbiotic hosts (LaJeunesse, 2001;Xiang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

LaJeunesse

Lee

Gil-Agudelo

et al. 2015

European Journal of Phycology

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We describe Symbiodinium necroappetens sp. nov. found predominantly in diseased or thermally damaged tissues in some reef corals of the Greater Caribbean. Small, albeit fixed, differences in the ribosomal DNA (ITS2 and LSU) and cytochrome b (cob) indicate that S. necroappetens is evolutionarily separate, but closely related to S. microadriaticum (members of Clade A). However, haplotype sequences of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle are highly divergent, signifying that the degree of genetic divergence between these sibling lineages is far greater than indicated by changes in rDNA. Small morphological differences also support the delineation of this species. The Kofoidian plate formula for S. necroappetens (x-plate, EAV, 4′, 5a, 8′′, 9-11s, 21c, 6′′′, 2′′′′, PE) is generally the same as described for S. microadriaticum, except for the number of cingulum plates (21 vs 22-24), but plate shapes and configurations differ. Nuclear and mitochondrial volumes calculated from ultrastructural serial sections (published previously) also distinguish it from S. microadriaticum and S. pilosum. There are significant physiological differences in the response of S. necroappetens to high pCO 2 and thermal stress when compared with S. microadriaticum, indicating that large functional differences exist even among closely related species. This species appears to be necrotrophic rather than mutualistic. Before it was recognized as a distinct entity, reports on its ecology contributed to the supposition that members of Clade A Symbiodinium were opportunistic. Available evidence indicates that S. necroappetens exists at low environmental background levels, but may 'proliferate' selectively in artificial growth media, or emerge opportunistically in bleached coral colonies during early recovery from severe stress, or in diseased necrotic tissues, especially in colonies of the Orbicella (formerly Monstastraea) annularis complex. However, S. necroappetens fails to persist at detectable levels as populations of the typical symbiont recover. The description of this species raises awareness of the broad functional and ecological diversity exhibited by members of this large dinoflagellate genus.

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“…(gen. Freudenthal 1962) are the dominant zooxanthellae in tropical and equatorial waters (Kevin et al, 1969;Trench, 1993;Rowan, 1998). Only a handful of species have been named in the genus Symbiodinium [Freudenthal, 1962;Trench & Blank, 1987;Trench & Thinh, 1995 (emend. LaJeunesse, 2001; Trench, 1997], even though the genus includes numerous strains separated by large genetic distances (Rowan, 1998;LaJeunesse, 2001; RodriguezLanetty, 2003;Baker, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly organized structure in the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from clade C Symbiodinium

Moore

2003

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

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The chloroplast genes of dinoflagellates are distributed among small, circular dsDNA molecules termed minicircles. In this paper, we describe the structure of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from Symbiodinium. DNA sequence was obtained from five Symbiodinium strains obtained from four different coral host species (Goniopora tenuidens, Heliofungia actiniformis, Leptastrea purpurea and Pocillopora damicornis), which had previously been determined to be closely related using LSU rDNA region D1/D2 sequence analysis. Eight distinct sequence blocks, consisting of four conserved cores interspersed with two metastable regions and flanked by two variable regions, occurred at similar positions in all strains. Inverted repeats (IRs) occurred in tandem or 'twin' formation within two of the four cores. The metastable regions also consisted of twin IRs and had modular behaviour, being either fully present or completely absent in the different strains. These twin IRs are similar in sequence to double-hairpin elements (DHEs) found in the mitochondrial genomes of some fungi, and may be mobile elements or may serve a functional role in recombination or replication. Within the central unit (consisting of the cores plus the metastable regions), all IRs contained perfect sequence inverses, implying they are highly evolved. IRs were also present outside the central unit but these were imperfect and possessed by individual strains only. A central adenine-rich sequence most closely resembled one in the centre of the non-coding part of Amphidinium operculatum minicircles, and is a potential origin of replication. Sequence polymorphism was extremely high in the variable regions, suggesting that these regions may be useful for distinguishing strains that cannot be differentiated using molecular markers currently available for Symbiodinium. INTRODUCTIONUnigenic DNA minicircles of 2-3 kbp that encode plastid gene functions have been found in a number of different peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, including species of Heterocapsa (Zhang et al., 1999(Zhang et al., , 2002, Amphidinium operculatum (Barbrook & Howe, 2000;Barbrook et al., 2001), Amphidinium carterae (Hiller, 2001) and Protoceratium reticulatum (Zhang et al., 2002). The non-coding regions of the minicircles are highly divergent across dinoflagellate genera, except that short stretches of a single nucleotide are frequent. A common format across dinoflagellate genera and species is that the non-coding regions contain conserved core regions, usually of between two and four in number, separated by variable regions (Zhang et al., 2002;Howe et al., 2003). In a given species, two or more cores are often identical to each other, seemingly duplicated or triplicated within the same minicircle, such as the two 9G regions of Heterocapsa triquetra (Zhang et al., 1999(Zhang et al., , 2002, and the three 5G regions of Heterocapsa pygmeae (Zhang et al., 2002).It has been shown that conserved core regions are shared between all the minicircles present in one culture of Abbreviat...

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SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM FREUDENTHAL, S. GOREAUII SP. NOV., S. KAWAGUTII SP. NOV. AND S. PILOSUM SP. NOV.: GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIONTS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES ¹

Cited by 223 publications

References 42 publications

Gymnodinium linucheaesp. nov.: The dinoflagellate symbiont of the jellyfishLinuche unguiculata

Gymnodinium linucheaesp. nov.: The dinoflagellate symbiont of the jellyfishLinuche unguiculata

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

Highly organized structure in the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from clade C Symbiodinium

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