<i>Gymnodinium linucheae</i>sp. nov.: The dinoflagellate symbiont of the jellyfish<i>Linuche unguiculata</i>

Trench, Robert K.; Thinh, Luong-Van

doi:10.1080/09670269500650911

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Symbiotic dinoflagellates of cnidaria are mostly classified under the genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae), although at least 1 species has been placed in genus Gymnodinium (Trench & Thinh 1995, Wilcox 1998. They are a taxonomically diverse group (Schoenberg & Trench 1980a,b,c, Blank & Trench 1985, Trench & Blank 1987, Trench & Thinh 1995 and generally host specific (Rowan & Powers 1991b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among those that have been taxonomically defined are S. kawaguti (Trench & Blank 1987) and S. meandrinae (Trench 1997, isolated by Trench) from the scleractinian corals Montipora verrucosa and Meandrina meandrites, respectively; S. goreauii (Trench & Blank 1987), S. pulchorum, S. bermudense, S. cariborum and S. californium (Trench 1997, isolated by Trench) from the actinarians Ragactis lucida, Aiptasia pulchella, A. tagetes, Condylactis gigantea and Anthopleura elegantissima, respectively; S. corculorum that was isolated by Trench from the bivalve Corculum cardissa; S. pilosum (Trench & Blank 1987) from the zoanthid Zoanthus sociatus; and S. microadriaticum (Freudenthal emend. Trench) and Gymnodinium linucheae (Trench & Thinh 1995) from the medussae Cassiopeia xamachana and Linuche unguilata, respectively (Trench & Blank 1987, Trench & Thinh 1995, Trench 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are a taxonomically diverse group (Schoenberg & Trench 1980a,b,c, Blank & Trench 1985, Trench & Blank 1987, Trench & Thinh 1995 and generally host specific (Rowan & Powers 1991b). Among those that have been taxonomically defined are S. kawaguti (Trench & Blank 1987) and S. meandrinae (Trench 1997, isolated by Trench) from the scleractinian corals Montipora verrucosa and Meandrina meandrites, respectively; S. goreauii (Trench & Blank 1987), S. pulchorum, S. bermudense, S. cariborum and S. californium (Trench 1997, isolated by Trench) from the actinarians Ragactis lucida, Aiptasia pulchella, A. tagetes, Condylactis gigantea and Anthopleura elegantissima, respectively; S. corculorum that was isolated by Trench from the bivalve Corculum cardissa; S. pilosum (Trench & Blank 1987) from the zoanthid Zoanthus sociatus; and S. microadriaticum (Freudenthal emend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic variability of the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the wide ranging coral species Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus in the Indo-West Pacific

Loh¹,

Loi²,

Carter³

et al. 2001

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

142

115

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The scleractinian coral species, Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus, are widely distributed throughout the latitudinal range of the tropical west Pacific. These 2 coral species live in a mutually beneficial relation with symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae), which are passed to their progeny by vertical transmission (zooxanthellate eggs or larvae) and horizontal transmission (eggs or larvae that acquire symbionts from the environment), respectively. For S. hystrix, vertical transmission might create biogeographically isolated and genetically differentiated symbiont populations because the extent of its larval migration is known to be limited. On the other hand, horizontal transmission in corals such as A. longicyathus may result in genetically connected symbiont populations, especially if its zooxanthellae taxa are widely distributed. To examine these hypotheses, symbionts were collected from colonies of S. hystrix and A. longicyathus living in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia), South China Sea (Malaysia) and East China Sea (Ryukyus Archipelago, Japan), and were examined using restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of large and small subunit rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis assigned the symbionts to 1 of 3 taxonomically distinct groups, known as clades. Symbionts from Australian and Japanese S. hystrix were placed in Clade C, and Malaysian S. hystrix symbionts in the newly described Clade D. Seven of 11 Australian and all Japanese and Malaysian colonies of A. longicyathus had symbiotic dinoflagellates that also grouped with Clade C, but symbionts from the remaining Australian colonies of A. longicyathus grouped with Clade A. Analysis of molecular variance of Clade C symbionts found significant genetic variation in 1 or more geographic groups (69.8%) and to a lesser extent among populations within geographic regions (13.6%). All populations of Clade C symbionts from S. hystrix were genetically differentiated according to geographic region. Although Clade C symbionts of A. longicyathus from Japan resolved into a distinct geographic group, those from Australia and Malaysia did not and were genetically connected. We propose that these patterns of genetic connectivity correlate with differences in the dispersal range of the coral or symbiont propagules and are associated with their respective modes of symbiont transmission.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic variability of the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the wide ranging coral species Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus in the Indo-West Pacific

Loh¹,

Loi²,

Carter³

et al. 2001

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

142

115

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“…(gen. Freudenthal 1962) are the dominant zooxanthellae in tropical and equatorial waters (Kevin et al, 1969;Trench, 1993;Rowan, 1998). Only a handful of species have been named in the genus Symbiodinium [Freudenthal, 1962;Trench & Blank, 1987;Trench & Thinh, 1995 (emend. LaJeunesse, 2001; Trench, 1997], even though the genus includes numerous strains separated by large genetic distances (Rowan, 1998;LaJeunesse, 2001; RodriguezLanetty, 2003;Baker, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly organized structure in the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from clade C Symbiodinium

Moore

2003

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

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The chloroplast genes of dinoflagellates are distributed among small, circular dsDNA molecules termed minicircles. In this paper, we describe the structure of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from Symbiodinium. DNA sequence was obtained from five Symbiodinium strains obtained from four different coral host species (Goniopora tenuidens, Heliofungia actiniformis, Leptastrea purpurea and Pocillopora damicornis), which had previously been determined to be closely related using LSU rDNA region D1/D2 sequence analysis. Eight distinct sequence blocks, consisting of four conserved cores interspersed with two metastable regions and flanked by two variable regions, occurred at similar positions in all strains. Inverted repeats (IRs) occurred in tandem or 'twin' formation within two of the four cores. The metastable regions also consisted of twin IRs and had modular behaviour, being either fully present or completely absent in the different strains. These twin IRs are similar in sequence to double-hairpin elements (DHEs) found in the mitochondrial genomes of some fungi, and may be mobile elements or may serve a functional role in recombination or replication. Within the central unit (consisting of the cores plus the metastable regions), all IRs contained perfect sequence inverses, implying they are highly evolved. IRs were also present outside the central unit but these were imperfect and possessed by individual strains only. A central adenine-rich sequence most closely resembled one in the centre of the non-coding part of Amphidinium operculatum minicircles, and is a potential origin of replication. Sequence polymorphism was extremely high in the variable regions, suggesting that these regions may be useful for distinguishing strains that cannot be differentiated using molecular markers currently available for Symbiodinium. INTRODUCTIONUnigenic DNA minicircles of 2-3 kbp that encode plastid gene functions have been found in a number of different peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, including species of Heterocapsa (Zhang et al., 1999(Zhang et al., , 2002, Amphidinium operculatum (Barbrook & Howe, 2000;Barbrook et al., 2001), Amphidinium carterae (Hiller, 2001) and Protoceratium reticulatum (Zhang et al., 2002). The non-coding regions of the minicircles are highly divergent across dinoflagellate genera, except that short stretches of a single nucleotide are frequent. A common format across dinoflagellate genera and species is that the non-coding regions contain conserved core regions, usually of between two and four in number, separated by variable regions (Zhang et al., 2002;Howe et al., 2003). In a given species, two or more cores are often identical to each other, seemingly duplicated or triplicated within the same minicircle, such as the two 9G regions of Heterocapsa triquetra (Zhang et al., 1999(Zhang et al., , 2002, and the three 5G regions of Heterocapsa pygmeae (Zhang et al., 2002).It has been shown that conserved core regions are shared between all the minicircles present in one culture of Abbreviat...

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“…In corals, this subclade type is known for its high photosynthetic efficiency and resistance to photodamage when exposed to temperature stress (Warner et al, 2006). Symbiodinium A4 has also been found in the jellyfish Linuche unguiculata that alternates between the benthic (polyp stage) and planktonic compartments during its life history (Montgomery and Kremer, 1995;Trench and Thinh, 1995;LaJeunesse, 2001). Therefore, subclade A4 could represent an evolutionary and ecological transition between the benthic and pelagic environments, where different selective pressures have caused evolutionary changes within Symbiodinium.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Identification Of the Microalgal Symbiontmentioning

confidence: 99%

The symbiotic life ofSymbiodiniumin the open ocean within a new species of calcifying ciliate (Tiarinasp.)

et al. 2015

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Symbiotic partnerships between heterotrophic hosts and intracellular microalgae are common in tropical and subtropical oligotrophic waters of benthic and pelagic marine habitats. The iconic example is the photosynthetic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium that establishes mutualistic symbioses with a wide diversity of benthic hosts, sustaining highly biodiverse reef ecosystems worldwide. Paradoxically, although various species of photosynthetic dinoflagellates are prevalent eukaryotic symbionts in pelagic waters, Symbiodinium has not yet been reported in symbiosis within oceanic plankton, despite its high propensity for the symbiotic lifestyle. Here we report a new pelagic photosymbiosis between a calcifying ciliate host and the microalga Symbiodinium in surface ocean waters. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy, together with an 18S rDNA-based phylogeny, showed that the host is a new ciliate species closely related to Tiarina fusus (Colepidae). Phylogenetic analyses of the endosymbionts based on the 28S rDNA gene revealed multiple novel closely related Symbiodinium clade A genotypes. A haplotype network using the high-resolution internal transcribed spacer-2 marker showed that these genotypes form eight divergent, biogeographically structured, subclade types that do not seem to associate with any benthic hosts. Ecological analyses using the Tara Oceans metabarcoding data set (V9 region of the 18S rDNA) and contextual oceanographic parameters showed a global distribution of the symbiotic partnership in nutrient-poor surface waters. The discovery of the symbiotic life of Symbiodinium in the open ocean provides new insights into the ecology and evolution of this pivotal microalga and raises new hypotheses about coastal pelagic connectivity.

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Gymnodinium linucheaesp. nov.: The dinoflagellate symbiont of the jellyfishLinuche unguiculata

Cited by 41 publications

References 22 publications

Genetic variability of the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the wide ranging coral species Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus in the Indo-West Pacific

Genetic variability of the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the wide ranging coral species Seriatopora hystrix and Acropora longicyathus in the Indo-West Pacific

Highly organized structure in the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle from clade C Symbiodinium

The symbiotic life ofSymbiodiniumin the open ocean within a new species of calcifying ciliate (Tiarinasp.)

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