Solanum nigrum Polyphenol Extracts Inhibit Hepatic Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Lipogenesis in High-Fat-Diet-Treated Mice

Abstract

Patients with diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia are all high-risk groups for fatty liver; however, the mechanism of fatty liver formation is not completely understood. Studies have indicated that abnormal fat metabolism, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance are positively correlated with peroxidation and abnormal cytokine production. Recent studies have revealed that Solanum nigrum extracts (SNE) possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, antihyperlipidemia, and liver protection abilities. Therefore, the present study investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of an SNE on nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)-induced hepatitis. In vivo data demonstrated that the SNE reduced blood triglyceride, sugar, and cholesterol levels, as well as fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in high-fat-diet-treated mice. The results indicated that the SNE downregulated the expression of fatty acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and upregulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Furthermore, we prepared a Solanum nigrum polyphenol extract (SNPE) from the SNE; the SNPE reduced hepatic lipid (oleic acid) accumulation. Therefore, SNE have the potential to alleviate NAFL-induced hepatitis, and polyphenolic compounds are the main components of SNE. Moreover, SNE can be used to develop health-food products for preventing NAFL disease.

Tri-Herbal Medicine Divya Sarva-Kalp-Kwath (Livogrit) Regulates Fatty Acid-Induced Steatosis in Human HepG2 Cells through Inhibition of Intracellular Triglycerides and Extracellular Glycerol Levels

“…These observations suggest that SKK modulated the process of triglyceride synthesis [ 43 ]. Polyphenol extracts obtained from S. nigrum and P. niruri has shown a protective effect against high fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice [ 21 , 22 , 28 ].…”

“…f. also known as “Bhumi amalaki” contains metabolites such as, alkaloids, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins that attribute to its bioactivity [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. S. nigrum L. also known as “Makoy” contains several steroidal glycosides, steroidal alkaloids and steroidal oligoglycosides that also act as antioxidants reducing hepatic injuries through amelioration of oxidative stress [ 27 , 28 ]. In our previous study, we performed a detailed chemical analysis of SKK by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography based–Mass Spectroscopy.…”

Metabolic Impact of Flavonoids Consumption in Obesity: From Central to Peripheral

“…Moreover, flavanols are able to improve cholesterol homeostasis through the regulation of several enzymes from the cholesterol synthesis and bile acids metabolism apart from the modulation of the mRNA expression of apolipoprotein B100 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Most of the approaches included have been done using tea extracts or cocoa flavanols but other extracts with a more diverse composition of flavonoids have been also described in this section [ 137 , 143 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 ].…”

“…The proposed mechanism implied the AMPK activation, the ACC phosphorylation and Cpt1a overexpression, thus inhibiting FA synthesis and increasing FAO [ 159 ]. In a similar way, the Solanum nigrum polyphenol extract inhibited lipogenesis and enhanced FAO (upregulation of Cpt1a and P parα ) through the AMPK cascade [ 151 ].…”

Assessments of Antioxidant Content and the Anti-Carcinogenic Effect of Extracts of Solanum Rostratum Dunal in Human Cancer Cells

“…In the extracts, total phenols and tannins were found in important concentrations, with greater abundance in the three extracts of ethyl acetate although also were found in lower concentration in the extracts of methanol and hexane. Tannins and phenols have been found in several Solanaceae species, such as S. xanthocarpum, S. nigrum Linn, and S. trilobatum, and its presence has been linked to the medicinal and therapeutic effects in diseases such as anti-ulcerogenic, anti-microbial, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, inductor of some human cancer cells apoptosis, and cycle cell arrest (21,(27)(28)(29)(30).…”