Borrelia

Abstract

Bor.rel'i.a. N.L. fem. n. Borrelia , named after Amédée Borrel (1867–1936). Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / Borrelia Cells are helical, 0.2–0.3 µm in diameter and 10–35 µm in length. Coils are regular in spacing. Motile. Inner and outer membranes with periplasmic flagella with 15–20 subterminal insertion points in most species. Aniline‐stain‐positive. Microaerophilic. Ferments glucose. Most species cultivable in complex, serum‐containing medium that includes N ‐acetylglucosamine. Optimum growth between 33 and 38°C. Cells are polyploid, with each genome comprising a linear chromosome and one or more linear and circular plasmids. All species are host‐associated organisms that are transmitted between a mammalian, avian, or reptilian reservoir by a hematophagous arthropod. These include argasid ticks, prostriate ixodid ticks, metastriate ixodid ticks, and the human body louse. Transovarial transmission is common in the genus. Members include all known agents of relapsing fever as well as the agents of avian, bovine, and reptilian borreliosis. DNA G + C content (mol%) : 27.5–29.8. Type species : Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff 1891) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1925, 435 AL ( Spirochaeta anserina Sakharoff 1891, 565; Spiroschaudinnia anserina (Sakharoff 1891) Sambon 1907, 834).

Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections

“…scapularis ), which affect several host species (rodents, deer and dogs). The diversity of RF species (three species) reported in Mexico is low, as compared to the eight species reported in the US [ 3 , 15 , 67 – 69 ]. This highlights the importance of specifying the tick specimens (mainly those recognized as competent vectors) recovered from various hosts, irrespective of whether they have been recognized as reservoirs.…”

“…This is in accordance with the literature, where this order has been implicated as one of the most important hosts, for both the LB and the RF groups [ 2 , 15 , 19 ]. Thus, several species of genera Peromyscus and Neotoma have been recognized as reservoirs for many Borrelia species in endemic countries [ 2 , 3 , 102 , 103 ]. For the LB species, several mammals (mainly rodents and the white-tailed deer) have also been shown to be hosts in Mexico, in which only three Borrelia species have been reported.…”

“…Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) have become a public health problem due to the continuous rise in the incidence of human and animal diseases associated with TBPs [ 1 ]. Some TBPs that can affect both humans and animals include several bacterial members of the genus Borrelia [ 1 – 3 ]. This bacterial genus comprises various spirochetal Gram-negative species that are divided into four phylogenetic groups: reptile-associated Borrelia (REP), monotreme-associated Borrelia (MAB), relapsing fever (RF) and Lyme-borreliosis (LB) [ 4 – 6 ].…”

“…The Borrelia species causing RF are mainly transmitted by soft argasid ticks of the genus Ornithodoros and the human body louse Pediculus humanus , even though hard ticks of the genera Ixodes , Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus have also been implicated as potential vectors [ 13 – 15 ]. To date, 27 Borrelia species and two Candidatus species have been described as members of this monophyletic group [ 3 , 15 ]. Of these, 24 and one Candidatus species have been recognized as pathogens for humans and/or other mammalian orders ( Table 1 ) [ 3 ].…”

“…To date, 27 Borrelia species and two Candidatus species have been described as members of this monophyletic group [ 3 , 15 ]. Of these, 24 and one Candidatus species have been recognized as pathogens for humans and/or other mammalian orders ( Table 1 ) [ 3 ].…”