Salmonella Typhi genomics: envisaging the future of typhoid eradication

Abstract

SummaryNext-generation whole-genome sequencing has revolutionised the study of infectious diseases in recent years. The availability of genome sequences and its understanding have transformed the field of molecular microbiology, epidemiology, infection treatments and vaccine developments. We review the key findings of the publicly accessible genomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi since the first complete genome to the most recent release of thousands of Salmonella Typhi genomes, which remarkably shape the genomic research of S. Typhi and other pathogens. Important new insights acquired from the genome sequencing of S. Typhi, pertaining to genomic variations, evolution, population structure, antibiotic resistance, virulence, pathogenesis, disease surveillance/investigation and disease control are discussed. As the numbers of sequenced genomes are increasing at an unprecedented rate, fine variations in the gene pool of S. Typhi are captured in high resolution, allowing deeper understanding of the pathogen's evolutionary trends and its pathogenesis, paving the way to bringing us closer to eradication of typhoid through effective vaccine/treatment development.

Retrieving Good-Quality Salmonella Genomes From the GenBank Database Using a Python Tool, SalmoDEST

“…Typhi with those available in the literature. As expected, in accordance with the study published by Yap and Thong in 2017, 19 SalmoDEST was able to recover 124 S . Typhi.…”

“…[14][15][16][17][18] To validate the ability to SalmoDEST to screen for and retrieve complete genomes of good quality, we compared our results for S. Typhi with those available in the literature. As expected, in accordance with the study published by Yap and Thong in 2017, 19 SalmoDEST was able to recover 124 S. Typhi. The SalmoDEST tool developed in this study succeeded in screening for and downloading good-quality reference genomes for S. Typhi, confirming its ability to make good-quality genomes available quickly.…”

Reviving the “Moore Swab”: a Classic Environmental Surveillance Tool Involving Filtration of Flowing Surface Water and Sewage Water To Recover Typhoidal Salmonella Bacteria

“…Recovery of a viable culturable organism is increasingly critical as disease surveillance and control efforts for typhoidal Salmonella shift toward using data from wholegenome sequencing (WGS), which requires a live organism (116). In these analyses, geospatial, geographical, and temporal data are integrated with WGS data derived from S. Typhi isolated from positive blood or stool cultures to monitor genotype circulation and antimicrobial resistance (117)(118)(119)(120) and to assess S. Typhi population structures before and after a typhoid vaccination intervention (121).…”

Salmonella spp como contaminante de la carne de pollo: una revisión

“…Estos plásmidos reciben el nombre de pS-V, y poseen un locus conformado por 5 genes los cuales entran en la categoría spv RABCD, siendo el gen spvR un codificador para la expresión de genes spv (Alikhan et al, 2018). Hay que tener en cuenta que dependiendo de los serotipos de la Salmonella van a existir otros genes que se relacionan con los factores de virulencia, mencionando algunos como los genes rsk y rck, mismos que actúan como resistencia contra los bacteriolíticos, el locus spf suprime la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped, el Operón pef BACDI posibilita la adherencia al intestino de los ratones, así mismo como parte del genoma se encuentra la isla de patogenicidad, dado a que esta influye en la colonización de los huésped mediante la penetración de eritrocitos y su supervivencia contra los macrófagos, existiendo así 5 tipos: SPI-1 Y SPI-2, SPI3, SPI-4, SPI5, presentándose estos en todos los serotipos de la bacteria aparte de involucrarse cada uno de estos en funciones como la supervivencia contra macrófagos, la enteropatogénesis y la proliferación celular (Yap & Thong, 2017).…”