Retracted: Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with Severe Disease Progression among COVID‐19 Patients In Wad Medani Isolation Centers: A Multicenter Retrospective Cross‐Sectional Study

Abstract

Background Since December 2019, (COVID‐19) has had a significant impact on global health systems. Because little is known about the clinical characteristics and risk factors connected with COVID‐19 severity in Sudanese patients, it is vital to summarize the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients and to investigate the risk factors linked to COVID‐19 severity. Objectives We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients and look into risk factors associated with COVID‐19 severity. Methods This is a retrospective cross‐sectional study that took place in two Isolation Centers in Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan. Four hundred and eighteen patients were included between May 2020 and May 2021. All COVID‐19 patients over the age of 18 who were proven COVID‐19 positive by nucleic acid testing or had characteristics suggestive of COVID‐19 on a chest CT scan and had a complete medical record in the study period were included. Results The participants in this study were 418 confirmed COVID‐19 cases with a median age of 66.313 years. There were 279 men (66.7%) among the patients. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (n = 195; 46.7%) and diabetes (n = 187; 44.7%). Fever (n = 303; 72.5%), cough (n = 278; 66.5%), and dyspnea (n = 256; 61.2%) were the most prevalent symptoms at the onset of COVID‐19. The overall mortality rate (n = 148) was 35.4%. Patients with severe illness had a mortality rate of 42.3% (n = 118). Older age, anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphocytopenia, as well as higher glucose, HbA1c, and creatinine levels, were all linked to severe COVID‐19, according to the chi‐square test and analysis of variance analysis. Conclusion Sixteen variables were found to be associated with COVID‐19 severity. These patients are more prone to go through a serious infection and as a result have a greater death rate than those who do not have these characteristics.

Impact and prevalence of comorbidities and complications on the severity of COVID-19 in association with age, gender, obesity, and pre-existing smoking: A meta-analysis

“…In comparison with patients with a non-severe form of COVID-19 disease, there was a higher risk in patients with the severe form of COVID-19 with several comorbidities associated. Our results showed that cerebrovascular disease had the highest OR value of 2.76 (95 % CI: 1.65–4.62; I 2 = 44 %; p = 0.06) [ 19 , 21 , 28 , 31 – 33 , 38 – 40 , 44 , 45 ] despite the fact that no significant difference between patients with severe and non-severe cerebrovascular disease was reported after analysis. This risk is followed by chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an OR of 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.26–4.06]; I 2 = 96 %; P < 0.001) [ 15 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 26 – 35 , 37 , 38 , 42 , 44 , 45 ], hypertension with an OR of 2.22 (95% CI: 1.72–2.87; I 2 = 96 %; p < 0.001) [ 14 – 40 , 42 – 46 ] and coronary heart disease with an OR of 2.17 (95 % CI: 1.42–3.31; I 2 = 98 %; p < 0.001) [ 15 , 18 – 22 , 24 – 46 ].…”

“…Our results showed that cerebrovascular disease had the highest OR value of 2.76 (95 % CI: 1.65–4.62; I 2 = 44 %; p = 0.06) [ 19 , 21 , 28 , 31 – 33 , 38 – 40 , 44 , 45 ] despite the fact that no significant difference between patients with severe and non-severe cerebrovascular disease was reported after analysis. This risk is followed by chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an OR of 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.26–4.06]; I 2 = 96 %; P < 0.001) [ 15 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 26 – 35 , 37 , 38 , 42 , 44 , 45 ], hypertension with an OR of 2.22 (95% CI: 1.72–2.87; I 2 = 96 %; p < 0.001) [ 14 – 40 , 42 – 46 ] and coronary heart disease with an OR of 2.17 (95 % CI: 1.42–3.31; I 2 = 98 %; p < 0.001) [ 15 , 18 – 22 , 24 – 46 ]. Other significant judgment criteria for risk factors of the comorbidities involved in the severe form of COVID-19 included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.22–3.09; I 2 =98%, p < 0.001) [ 14 , 15 , 19 – 23 , 25 – 28 , 30 – 32 , 34 – 36 , 38 – 42 , 44 , 45 ], diabetes mellitus (OR=1.81, 95% IC: 1.35–2.43; I 2 =97 %, p<0.001) [ ...…”

“…This risk is followed by chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an OR of 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.26–4.06]; I 2 = 96 %; P < 0.001) [ 15 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 26 – 35 , 37 , 38 , 42 , 44 , 45 ], hypertension with an OR of 2.22 (95% CI: 1.72–2.87; I 2 = 96 %; p < 0.001) [ 14 – 40 , 42 – 46 ] and coronary heart disease with an OR of 2.17 (95 % CI: 1.42–3.31; I 2 = 98 %; p < 0.001) [ 15 , 18 – 22 , 24 – 46 ]. Other significant judgment criteria for risk factors of the comorbidities involved in the severe form of COVID-19 included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.22–3.09; I 2 =98%, p < 0.001) [ 14 , 15 , 19 – 23 , 25 – 28 , 30 – 32 , 34 – 36 , 38 – 42 , 44 , 45 ], diabetes mellitus (OR=1.81, 95% IC: 1.35–2.43; I 2 =97 %, p<0.001) [ 14 – 46 ], malignancy (OR=1.63, 95 % CI: 1.07–2.49; I 2 = 94 %; p < 0.001) [ 18 – 22 , 24 – 32 , 35 , 36 , 38 – 41 , 44 , 45 ...…”

Predicting Intensive Care Unit Admission for COVID-19 Patients from Laboratory Results

“…There was a significant reduction in lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and platelet counts as well as hemoglobin levels in severe cases compared with mild and moderate cases [ 33 ]. The study also highlighted the higher neutrophil count, ALT, AST, creatinine, and BUN in COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms and possible admission to the ICU [ 3 , 34 ]. Other biomarkers, such as LDH, PT, and D-dimer, were also associated with the severity of the disease and admission to the ICU [ 33 – 35 ].…”

“…On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health emergency of international concern [ 1 , 2 ]. Symptoms are usually mild, ranging from fever with a dry cough to sore throat, breathlessness, and fatigue [ 3 ]. However, vulnerable patients, such as the elderly and those with comorbidities, are at a higher risk of severe complications, including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiorgan dysfunction [ 4 ].…”