I.R. studies of carbons—VII. The pyrolysis of a phenol-formaldehyde resin

Morterra, C.; Low, M. J. D.

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90088-0

Cited by 101 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The following three inflections in the range 250-450°C (numbered as 2, 3, 4 in the figure) were related to the breakage of the polymeric matrix and together constituted the bulk thermal degradation stage [32]. Gaseous components such as water, CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , phenols and cresols were released during this stage [33]. The final inflection was found around 700°C and constituted the end of the thermal degradation.…”

Section: Thermal Stability Of Compositesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of fiber loading on the properties of treated cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic composites

Rojo

Alonso

Oliet

et al. 2015

Composites Part B: Engineering

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Section: Thermal Stability Of Compositesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of fiber loading on the properties of treated cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic composites

Rojo

Alonso

Oliet

et al. 2015

Composites Part B: Engineering

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“…They act as char formers and effectively suppress the evaporation of TPP. It has also been reported that polycondensates are produced from the rearrangements of phenol formaldehyde resins in their main thermal degradation and so that the flame retardancy is enhanced [7][8][9] . As well, due to the interaction between TPP and phenol resins, the evaporation temperature of TPP is elevated further [6,[10][11][12] and it could also contribute to the flame retardancy of the polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of flame retardant high impact polystyrene with triphenyl phosphate and novolac epoxy resin

Cai

Chen

et al. 2007

J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.

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Thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition and decomposition kinetics of flame retardant high impact polystyrene (HIPS) with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and novolac type epoxy resin (NE) were characterized using thermo-gravimetric experiment. And the flammability was determined by limited oxygen indices (LOI). The LOI results show that TPP and NE had a good synthetic effect on the flame retardancy of HIPS. Compared with pure HIPS, the LOI values of HIPS/NE and HIPS/TPP only increased by about 5%, and the LOI value of HIPS/TPP/NE reached 42.3%, nearly 23% above that of HIPS. All materials showed one main decomposition step, as radical HIPS scission predominated during anaerobic decomposition. TPP increased the activity energy effectively while NE affected the thermal-oxidative degradation more with the help of the char formation. With both TPP and NE, the materials could have a comparable good result of both thermal and thermal-oxidative degradation, which could contribute to their effect on the flame retardancy.

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“…These include the C=C stretch of phenyl rings (1600-1500 cm -1 ), the dominant peak assigned to C-O stretching of the phenols (1300-1000 cm -1 ), and several other small peaks associated with the aromatic C-H bands. These FTIR results are in accordance with the representative spectrum of cured phenolic resins Morterra and Low 1985). …”

Section: Ftir Spectra Of Carbonised Phenolic Resinssupporting

confidence: 89%

Carbon molecular sieve membranes for desalination

Song¹

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i This work reports on the development of novel carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes for desalination. The membranes were prepared by vacuum impregnation of precursor solutions containing phenolic resin into porous alumina tubes. Subsequently, the membrane tubes were calcined in an inert atmosphere, leading to the carbonisation of the resin impregnated into the porous alumina substrate. A systematic and parametric study was undertaken to investigate the effect of: (i) substrate porosity, (ii) precursor solution, (iii) vacuum impregnation time and (iv) carbonisation temperature on the performance of the resultant membranes. AbstractHigh quality CMS membranes were successfully prepared. High water fluxes were achieved using a pervaporation setup with values of 27 kg m -2 h -1 observed at 75 °C whilst delivering salt rejection in excess of 96% for a synthetic aqueous solution of 0.3 wt% NaCl chosen to represent brackish water. Increasing the salt concentration resulted in the water flux reducing, which was most likely due to salt concentration polarisation. However, the CMS membranes continued to perform well for processing sea water (3.5 wt% NaCl) at room temperature delivering water fluxes in the region of 9.4 kg m -2 h -1 with a salt rejection close to 100%. The high performance given by the CMS membranes in terms of water fluxes are at least one order of magnitude higher than those reported for other inorganic membranes derived from silica or zeolites.One important finding of this work is that the water flux increased by a factor of 70 as the concentration of the phenolic resin precursor solution decreased from 40 to 1 wt%. This result indicates that high resin concentration led to a higher amount of carbonised resin in the porous substrate and a higher resistance to water diffusion. The precursor solutions with a low resin concentration allowed for the formation of ideal CMS structures, which polymerised into the interparticle pore domains of the porous alumina substrate. As such a molecular sieving structure was formed as it preferentially allowed for the diffusion of the smaller molecule water with a kinetic diameter of 2.6 Å, and to a higher degree rejected the passage of hydrated ions with sizes in excess of 7 Å.A second important finding is that the functionality of the carbonised resin plays a role in delivering CMS membranes with high performance. CMS materials carbonised at 500 °C still retained some functional aromatic groups which were hydrophilic and impacted on membrane performance.However, increasing the carbonisation temperature to 700 °C lead to optimal microporosity, enhanced surface area and reduced hydrophilicity as the functional groups were almost completely ii removed. Further increases of carbonisation temperature to 800 °C resulted in the formation of larger, mesoporous structures and the unfavourable reduction of salt rejection.A third important finding is that best CMS membranes were prepared by longer vacuum times of 300 to 600 s, instead of short times of 30 or 60 s. This result wa...

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I.R. studies of carbons—VII. The pyrolysis of a phenol-formaldehyde resin

Cited by 101 publications

References 17 publications

Effect of fiber loading on the properties of treated cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic composites

Effect of fiber loading on the properties of treated cellulose fiber-reinforced phenolic composites

Thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of flame retardant high impact polystyrene with triphenyl phosphate and novolac epoxy resin

Carbon molecular sieve membranes for desalination

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