I.r. spectroscopy and 1H n.m.r. broad line studies of poly(p-phenylene sulphide) doped with sulphur trioxide

Hruszka, P.; Jurga, J.; Brycki, Bogumił

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90980-b

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Sulfonated aromatic polymers have been recently studied [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and in some cases showed satisfactory chemical and electrochemical stability for fuel cell applications. Among these polymers, poly(arylene ether sulfone)s containing sulfonate groups have been extensively investigated for high temperature fuel cell application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiblock sulfonated–fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Ghassemi

McGrath

Zawodzinski

2006

Polymer

288

187

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiblock sulfonated–fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Ghassemi

McGrath

Zawodzinski

2006

Polymer

288

187

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“…Sulfonation can be performed in several ways, as follows: (1) by direct sulfonation in concentrated sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, 182-185 sulfur trioxide, or its complex with tri-ethyl-phosphate [186][187][188] ; (2) by lithiation-sulfonation-oxidation 189 ; (3) by chemically grafting a group containing a sulfonic acid onto a polymer 190 ; (4) by graft copolymerization using highenergy radiation followed by sulfonation of the aromatic component 151,152 ; or (5) by synthesis from monomers bearing sulfonic acid groups. 191 For developing polymer electrolytes for fuel cells, the most widely investigated systems include sulfonation of polysulfones (PSF) or polyethersulfone (PES), 189,[192][193][194][195][196] polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 41,182,[197][198][199][200] or polyetheretherketoneketone (PEEKK), 11 polybenzimidazoles (PBI), 41,43,190,201 polyimides (PI), 191,[202][203][204][205] polyphenylenes (PP), poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene) (PPBP), 41,200,206 andrigidrodpoly(p-phenylenes)(PP) 179,180 ), and other polymers 207 (such as polyphenylenesulfide (PPS), 208,209 polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 210 polythiophenylene, 211 polyphenylquinoxaline, 212 and polyphosphazene 213…”

Section: Reviewsis Normally Crystalline Having a Melting Point Of 285°cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C

et al. 2003

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The state-of-the-art of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is based on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes operating at a typical temperature of 80°C. Some of the key issues and shortcomings of the PFSA-based PEMFC technology are briefly discussed. These include water management, CO poisoning, hydrogen, reformate and methanol as fuels, cooling, and heat recovery. As a means to solve these shortcomings, hightemperature polymer electrolyte membranes for operation above 100°C are under active development. This treatise is devoted to a review of the area encompassing modified PFSA membranes, alternative sulfonated polymer and their composite membranes, and acidbase complex membranes. PFSA membranes have been modified by swelling with nonvolatile solvents and preparing composites with hydrophilic oxides and solid proton conductors. DMFC and H 2 /O 2 (air) cells based on modified PFSA membranes have been successfully operated at temperatures up to 120°C under ambient pressure and up to 150°C under 3-5 atm. Alternative polymers are selected from silicon-and fluorine-containing inorganic polymers or aromatic hydrocarbon polymers and functionalized by sulfonation. The sulfonated hydrocarbons and their inorganic composites are potentially promising for high-temperature operation. High conductivities have been obtained at temperatures up to 180°C. Acid-base complex membranes constitute another class of electrolyte membranes. A high-temperature PEMFC based on H 3 PO 4 -doped PBI has been demonstrated for operation at temperatures up to 200°C under ambient pressure. The advanced features include high CO tolerance, simple thermal and water management, and possible integration with the fuel processing unit.

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“…(2) Earlier attempts to prepare highly sulfonated PPS by sulfonation with SO 3 were unsuccessful; the formation of only lightly sulfonated polymers (up to 0.5 sulfonic acid groups per phenylene, m) accompanied by the formation of ladder or cross-linked structures because of the stringent reaction conditions took place (145)(146)(147)(148). The highly sulfonated PPS (m up to 2.0) (36) was successfully prepared by the polymerization of methyl-4-(phenylthio)phenyl sulfoxide (34) in sulfuric acid via polysulfonium salt as a soluble precursor (113).…”

Section: Sulfur-containing Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur‐Containing Polymers

Kultys¹

2001

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Vol. 4 SULFUR-CONTAINING POLYMERS 337Nevertheless, the only commercial poly(monosulfide) is Ryton [Philips Petroleum Co., poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) more frequently referred to as poly(p-phenylene sulfide) or poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS)]. Much effort has been devoted to preparing aromatic compounds in view of their significance as reactive intermediates for the synthesis of high performance linear aromatic polymers by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) (5). In an attempt to develop a novel synthetic method for the preparation of high molecular weight poly(thioarylene)s, macrocyclic aromatic sulfides and disulfides have been intensively prepared (6-14). The coordination chemistry of macrocyclic polysulfides has also received considerable attention during the past years. The thiacrown ether polymer ligands can be used as ion-exchange resins, metal ion adsorbents, and polymeric phase-transfer catalysts (15,16). Molecular systems in which tetrathiafulvalene is incorporated into macrocycles with supplementary donor atoms are potential electroactive cation sensors (17). The π -conjugated polymers have been extensively studied because of their attractive electronic properties. SULFUR-CONTAINING POLYMERSVol. 4The novel partially crystalline polymer (3) with number-average molecular weight (M n ) of up to 5700 was prepared under various conditions by catalyzed self-condensation of 3-hydroxypropyl methoxycarbonylethyl sulfide (4) or 3-hydroxypropyl carboxyethyl sulfide (5) (22). The degree of crystallinity, melting temperature (T m ), T g , and temperature of initial decomposition (T d ) were 36-46%, 37-47 • C, −61 to −70 • C, and 164-260 • C, respectively. The monomers (4) and (5) were prepared by an addition of methyl 3-mercaptopropionate and 3-mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol [107-18-6] catalyzed by AIBN [2,2 -azobis(2-methylpropionitrile), azobisisobutyronitrile, azodiisobutyrodinitrile, 2,2 -azobis(2-methylpropanenitrile), α,α -azodiisobutyronitrile, 2,2 -azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2 -dicyano-2,2 -azopropane, Porofor-57, 2,2 -dimethyl-2,2azodipropionitrile, 2,2(-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile))] [78-67-1].An addition of conjugate 1,4-benzenedithiol (A) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (1,4diethenylbenzene, p-divinylbenzene) (B) [105-06-6] was investigated in detail in the presence of the AIBN initiator in toluene at 75 • C (23). It was found that the polymerization proceeded without an induction period, to give a white polymer with a high molecular weight [weight-average molecular weight (M w ) = 110,000] in ∼90% yield for 2 h. In addition, it was confirmed by 1 H nmr, ir, and the sulfur contents that the polymer had an alternating structure of A and B units.The synthesis and radical addition behavior of optically active cysteinebased monomers with mercapto and olefin groups have also been studied (24). N-4-vinylbenzoyl-L-cysteine methyl ester polymerized satisfactorily to afford the corresponding polysulfide (with M n in the range of 7000-23,000) in good yields.A novel one-pot synthesis of sulfur-containing polymers incl...

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I.r. spectroscopy and 1H n.m.r. broad line studies of poly(p-phenylene sulphide) doped with sulphur trioxide

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Multiblock sulfonated–fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Multiblock sulfonated–fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C

Sulfur‐Containing Polymers

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