“…worldwide (5), causing se vere reductions in both fruit yield and quality (24). Since PPV was first detected in Bulgaria in 1915 (1), PPV has been reported to occur throughout much of west ern Europe (6,21,23,30,44), the Mediterranean (2,4,12,20,28,45,53), the Middle East (56,58), Asia (34), and South America (31,40). Since PPV was first detected in Bulgaria in 1915 (1), PPV has been reported to occur throughout much of west ern Europe (6,21,23,30,44), the Mediterranean (2,4,12,20,28,45,53), the Middle East (56,58), Asia (34), and South America (31,40).…”