<i>Plasmodium malariae</i>
            : Parasite and Disease

Collins, William E.; Jeffery, Geoffrey M.

doi:10.1128/cmr.00027-07

Cited by 245 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Once established, this syndrome does not respond to treatment and carries a high rate of mortality [16]. Moreover, Pf/Pm are known to co-infect together in endemic areas [17]. In this study, the most prevalent mixed infection was observed to be Previous studies have reported the sensitivity of PCR in very low parasitemia [11,18,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Predominance of Plasmodium malariae-falciparum Co-Infection by Molecular Speciation in Bangolan, North West Region of Cameroon

Olivia¹,

Achonduh²,

Aristid³

et al. 2013

JLS

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Abstract:Although microscopy still remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and PCR assays have been shown to be sensitive and specific. Very few comparative studies have been reported of the three diagnostic methods on the same samples in vulnerable groups. Microscopy, RDTs and PCR assays were used for detection and speciation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), Plasmodium malariae (Pm) and Plasmodium ovale (Po) in patients in a rice culture savanna ecotype. Fifty four children and 16 pregnant women presenting with a fever were recruited. Bloods collected was used for thin and thick smears, perform RDTs and spotted blood on filter paper for DNA extraction and performance of a PCR. Mean parasitaemia was 37,619.06 (± 33,599.04) p/μL and 7,512.5 (± 12,446.11) p/µL for children and pregnant women, respectively. A total of 87.14% were positive by microscopy, 85.71% by RDTs and 90% by PCR. Distribution of Plasmodium species as identified by PCR was 72.86% Pf/Pm, 11.43% Pf/Pm/Po and 5.43% Pm while 10% were negative. Cohen's Kappa value for PCR and RDTs was K = 0.75 (CI = 0.28-1.22) while PCR and microscopy was K = 0.64 (CI = 0.18-1.10). Malaria infection in Bangolan was mostly due to mix infection predominantly P. falciparum/P. malariae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Predominance of Plasmodium malariae-falciparum Co-Infection by Molecular Speciation in Bangolan, North West Region of Cameroon

Olivia¹,

Achonduh²,

Aristid³

et al. 2013

JLS

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“…It was morphologically described as being similar to the human parasite P. malariae (33). Transmission studies with quartan parasites isolated from chimpanzees have shown that P. rodhaini is actually P. malariae (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus

Duval

Fourment

Nerrienet

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

142

137

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We investigated two mitochondrial genes (cytb and cox1), one plastid gene (tufA), and one nuclear gene (ldh) in blood samples from 12 chimpanzees and two gorillas from Cameroon and one lemur from Madagascar. One gorilla sample is related to Plasmodium falciparum, thus confirming the recently reported presence in gorillas of this parasite. The second gorilla sample is more similar to the recently defined Plasmodium gaboni than to the P. falciparum-Plasmodium reichenowi clade, but distinct from both. Two chimpanzee samples are P. falciparum. A third sample is P. reichenowi and two others are P. gaboni. The other chimpanzee samples are different from those in the ape clade: two are Plasmodium ovale, and one is Plasmodium malariae. That is, we have found three human Plasmodium parasites in chimpanzees. Four chimpanzee samples were mixed: one species was P. reichenowi; the other species was P. gaboni in three samples and P. ovale in the fourth sample. The lemur sample, provisionally named Plasmodium malagasi, is a sister lineage to the large cluster of primate parasites that does not include P. falciparum or ape parasites, suggesting that the falciparum + ape parasite cluster (Laverania clade) may have evolved from a parasite present in hosts not ancestral to the primates. If malignant malaria were eradicated from human populations, chimpanzees, in addition to gorillas, might serve as a reservoir for P. falciparum.T here is a revolution afoot concerning our understanding of human malaria. It was shown in 1994/1995 that the closest relative of Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of malignant malaria was Plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite, the only ape malaria parasite that had been molecularly characterized (1-4). The close phylogenetic relationship between P. falciparum and Plasmodium reichenowi, their distinctness from the three other known human malaria parasites (Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), as well as from other primate parasites, and their remoteness from bird or lizard parasites, was soon confirmed by other studies (5-7). It was assumed, as a working hypothesis, that P. falciparum and P. reichenowi had evolved from a common ancestor parasite, independently in their respective hosts, humans and chimpanzees, as these two lineages gradually diverged from one another over the last 5-7 million years-the cospeciation hypothesis. Two alternative hypotheseseither (i) a human origin (P. reichenowi evolved from an introduction of P. falciparum into chimpanzee hosts) or (ii) a chimpanzee origin (P. falciparum evolved from the introduction of P. reichenowi into the human lineage)-could not be tested against each other or against the cospeciation hypothesis, because only one P. reichenowi isolate was available, which had been isolated from a captive chimpanzee.It was soon demonstrated by Rich et al. (8), Rich and Ayala (9), and Ayala and Rich (10) that P. falciparum has very low levels of neutral genetic polymorphism, a result that was subsequently confirmed by other investigators (11...

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“…Although P. malariae and P. ovale occur less frequently among human populations, they are widely distributed and their diagnosis has proven challenging due to their relatively low parasitemia and the morphology of blood stages, as well as the poor sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests in non-falciparum species (1,2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sequence-Based Optimization of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae

et al. 2014

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Although microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, molecular detection using PCR is becoming increasingly popular. Due to discrepant PCR and microscopy results, we aimed to optimize our detection assays for Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale by sequencing the 18S rRNA region and developing a new primer and probe set for real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Clinical specimens positive for P. malariae (n ‫؍‬ 15) or P. ovale (n ‫؍‬ 33) underwent amplification and sequencing of the 18S rRNA region. Based on sequence discrepancies between our current primer/probe and clinical isolates, degenerate P. ovale primer and probe were developed to determine if their performance characteristics improved. The reference (gold) standard was microscopy. No 18S sequence heterogeneity was observed among the P. malariae isolates, and the sensitivity and specificity of our current P. malariae qPCR assay were both 100%. Compared to microscopy, the sensitivity and specificity of our current P. ovale qPCR assay were 72.7% and 100%, respectively. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in P. ovale. The sensitivity of the new P. ovale assay increased to 100% with 100% specificity. We therefore improved the performance characteristics of our P. ovale molecular detection assay through the development of a degenerate primer and probe set which accommodates 18S SNPs among the 2 subspecies of P. ovale. Given the suboptimal sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests for non-falciparum malaria and the typically low parasitemia of P. malariae and P. ovale, a well-performing confirmatory molecular assay is imperative for clinical laboratories.

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Plasmodium malariae : Parasite and Disease

Cited by 245 publications

References 76 publications

Predominance of Plasmodium malariae-falciparum Co-Infection by Molecular Speciation in Bangolan, North West Region of Cameroon

Predominance of Plasmodium malariae-falciparum Co-Infection by Molecular Speciation in Bangolan, North West Region of Cameroon

African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus

Sequence-Based Optimization of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae

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