<i>Phytophthora polonica</i>, a new species isolated from declining<i>Alnus glutinosa</i>stands in Poland

Pathogens of Phytophthora genus are common not only in forest nurseries and stands, but also in water courses. Species of Phytophthora spread with plants for plantings (and soil attached to them) and with water courses as well, attacking the plants growing in riparian ecosystems. Several specialized organisms damaging only one tree species were identified like P. alni on alders or P. quercina on oaks. Some Phytophthora species can develop on several hosts like P. plurivora and P. cactorum on oaks, beeches, alders, ashes and horse chestnuts. Other oomycetes like P. gallica species was found for the first time in Poland in water used for plant watering in forest nursery. Species P. lacustris and P. gonapodyides were found in superficial water. Phytophthora species P. polonica was identified in the declining alder stands for the first time in the world, and P. taxon hungarica and P. megasperma were found in the rhizosphere of seriously damaged ash stands for the first time in Poland. The most often isolated species were P. plurivora (clade 2) with frequency 37% and P. lacustris with frequency 33% (clade 6). The best represented clade 6 revealed the occurrence of 6 species: P. gonapodyides, P. lacustris, P. megasperma, P. sp. raspberry, P. taxon hungarica and P. taxon oak soil.

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“…1). The new for knowledge oomycete species P. polonica was found in declining alder stands along the river Ner (Belbahri et al 2006). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis ofPhytophthoraspecies found in Poland

Oszako

Sikora

Belbahri

et al. 2017

Folia Forestalia Polonica

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“…alni (Brasier et al, 2004). For instance, a new Phytophthora species, P. polonica, was isolated from rhizosphere soil samples when surveys conducted in declining alder stands grown naturally by the riversides in Poland (Belbahri et al, 2006). New pathogens can be brought into nurseries and distributed with seeds and seedlings to plantations or riparian ecosystems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species

Haque

2012

For. syst.

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Phytophthora alni is a highly destructive host specific pathogen to alders (Alnus spp.) spreading all over Europe. Recently this pathogen has been reported to cause diseases in common alder (Alnus glutinosa) in Spain. Seeds and seedlings of A. glutinosa were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to alder Phytophthora and other Phytophthora species. Isolates of P. alni ssp. alni, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora were used in the experiments. Seeds and seedlings were inoculated with a zoospore suspension and uniform mycelial blocks of agar of the Phytophthora species. Susceptibility was calculated in terms of pathogen virulence on seed germination and seedling mortality 42 and 67 days after inoculation respectively. Seed germination and seedling mortality rates varied differently among the isolates used. Results implied that common alder and its seeds and seedlings are at risk to be infected by P. alni. In addition, other Phytophthora species are able to infect this kind of material showing their relative host non-specificity. This is one important finding concerning alder regeneration in infected areas, and the possibility of disease spread on this plant material.Key words: Alder diseases; virulence; zoospore suspension; V8 agar; forest pathology. ResumenSusceptibilidad de las semillas y brotes de aliso común (Alnus glutinosa) a Phytophthora alni y otras especies del género Phytophthora Phytophthora alni es un patógeno muy destructivo de los alisos (Alnus spp.) que se está expandiendo por toda Europa. Recientemente este patógeno ha sido citado como causante de enfermedades del aliso común (Alnus glutinosa) en España. Semillas y plántulas de A. glutinosa fueron analizadas in vitro para ver su susceptibilidad a Phytophthora alni y otras especies del género Phytophthora. En el experimento se usaron aislamientos de P. alni ssp. alni, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae y P. palmivora. Las semillas fueron inoculadas con una suspension de zoosporas mientras que las plántulas fueron inoculadas con bloques uniformes de micelio de agar de las especies de Phytophthora utilizadas. La susceptibilidad fue calculada evaluando la germinación de las semillas y la mortalidad de las plántulas después de 42 y 67 días tras la inoculación respectivamente. Los ratios de germinación de las semillas y de mortalidad de las plántulas variaron significativamente entre los aislamientos utilizados. Los resultados demostraron que el aliso común y sus semillas y plántulas tienen riesgo de ser infectados por P. alni. Además, otras especies de Phytophthora fueron capaces de infectar, lo que evidenció una relativa falta de especificidad por el hospedante. Estos datos son importantes por su transcendencia para la regenaración del aliso en las áreas infectadas, y la dispersión de la enfermedad en este material vegetal.

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“…alder dieback in Europe (P. alni C. Brasier & S.A. Kirk, P. polonica M. Belbahri, E. Moralejo & F. Lefort) (Brasier et al 2004a, Belbahri et al 2006 Greslebin et al 2007) and Australia (P. (Jung et al 1999, Werres et al 2001, Jung et al 2002, Rizzo et al 2002, Jung et al 2003, Reeser et al 2007, Jung & Nechwatal 2008, Scott et al 2009, Rea et al 2010, Crous et al 2011, Reeser et al 2011 (Maseko et al 2007, Bezuidenhout et al 2010). …”

Section: New Species Of Phytophthora In Nurseries and Natural Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora in Finnish nurseries

Rytkönen¹

2011

Diss. For.

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International trade and travel have facilitated the spread of harmful organisms around the world. Human-mediated movement of plants and plant products is now generally accepted to be the primary mode of introduction of pathogens and pests. Species of Phytophthora, a genus of plant pathogens, are commonly spread in this way and have caused severe epidemics in silviculture, horticulture and natural systems all over the world.The objective of the study was to gather information on the occurrence of Phytophthora spp. in Finnish nurseries. Furthermore, the aim was to produce information for risk assessments for these Phytophthora spp. and establish molecular means for their detection. Phytophthora cactorum was found to persist in natural waterbodies and results suggest that irrigation water might be a source of inoculum for the disease in nurseries. In addition to P. cactorum, isolates from ornamental Rhododendron in nurseries yielded three species new to Finland: P. ramorum, P. plurivora and P. pini. The only species with quarantine status, P. ramorum, was able to persist in the nursery in spite of an annual European Commission sanitation protocol. Phytophthora plurivora and the closely related P. pini had more hosts among Nordic tree species and other plants abundant in Finnish nurseries and forest ecosystems. They were also found to have higher infectivity rates compared to P. ramorum and P. cactorum. All four species survived two weeks in -5 °C , and thus soil survival of these Phytophthoras in Finland is likely under current climatic conditions.The most common tree species in Finnish nurseries, Picea abies, was highly susceptible to P. plurivora and P. pini in pathogenicity trials. In a histological examination of P. abies shoot tissues inoculated with P. plurivora zoospores, fast necrotrophic growth was observed in nearly all tissues of the fresh shoot. The production of propagules in P. abies shoot tissue was only weakly indicated.In this study, a PCR-DGGE technique was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of Phytophthora spp. It reliably detected Phytophthora in plant tissues and could discriminate most test species as well as indicate instances of multiple-species infections. It proved to be a useful detection and identification tool either applied alone or in concert with traditional isolation culture techniques. The limitations of the method are also discussed.In conclusion, all of the introduced species of Phytophthora had properties that promote a high risk of establishment and spread in Finland. The efficient transport of Phytophthora via commercial traffic and favorable conditions due to expected climate change will increase the incidence and establishment of Phytophthora in new areas. Thus, it is probable that pathogens of this genus will be introduced and become established in Finland and other Nordic countries unless efficient phytosanitary control becomes standard practice in the international plant trade.Keywords: Phytophthora, pathogenicity, survival, molecular detectio...

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Phytophthora polonica, a new species isolated from decliningAlnus glutinosastands in Poland

Cited by 56 publications

References 37 publications

Molecular analysis ofPhytophthoraspecies found in Poland

Molecular analysis ofPhytophthoraspecies found in Poland

Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species

Phytophthora in Finnish nurseries

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