p-Nitrophenol determination and remediation: an overview

Abstract

An almost exhaustive overview of the determination and remediation ofp-nitrophenol (p-NP)-contaminated media is herein presented.p-NP is one of the priority pollutants on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list. This is becausep-NP is either a precursor or a derivative of a good number of pollutants. It is itself very carcinogenic and tends to persist in water and soil. This has prompted the development of a wide range of analytical tools by researchers for its determination and eventual removal from contaminated sites. These include electrochemical methods with many electrode modifiers and electroanalytical procedures developed for the detection/quantification ofp-NP in contaminated environments. Also, chromatographic andp-NP uptake techniques, particularly adsorption onto various adsorbents (ranging from natural to synthetic), are reviewed. The use of microorganisms for the bioremediation ofp-NP-contaminated samples and sites has equally been largely studied and is herein overviewed, not forgetting advanced oxidative processes.

Biosensors and Bioassays Based on Lipases, Principles and Applications, a Review

“…In electrochemical oxidation, p -hydoxylaminophenol is the first reaction product, followed by p -nitrosophenol. Under some conditions and on some types of electrodes such as working electrodes composed of gold nanoparticles, the oxidation can lead to p -aminophenol being the last oxidation product [59].…”

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoisotrops Using Carallia brachiata Leaf Extract and Their Catalytic Application in the Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol

“…Such findings undoubtedly affect the aquatic environment directly while humans are influenced indirectly. The combination of its nonbiodegradable status and such hazardous implications to humans and the environment alike has rendered 4-NP registered on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Pollutant List (Tchieno and Tonle, 2018;Yahya et al, 2021). This list names it as a priority pollutant and calls for instantaneous environmental remediation.…”

The Electrospray (ESI) and Flowing Atmosphere-Pressure Afterglow (FAPA) Mass Spectrometry Studies of Nitrophenols (Plant Growth Stimulants) Removed Using Strong Base-Functionalized Materials

“…In the case of nitrophenols, there are no sufficient studies on their controlled delivery using hybrid materials as transporting platforms. However, in recent years, various analytical techniques have been used for the determination of isomers of nitrophenol, such as fluorescence detection, high-performance liquid and gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, and electrochemical methods, which facilitate the studies on nitrophenols’ delivery [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. One of the first attempts of determination of phenolic compounds was presented by Geissler et al [ 23 ], who described a method for the analysis of phenols and nitrophenols in water samples at 0.1 and 0.25 μg L −1 of their concentration, which involved continuous liquid-liquid extraction with a light phase rotary perforator, derivatization with either diazomethane or trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and analysis by GC-MS. Another example is a two-step liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method for the extraction of phenols in environmental water samples, presented by Zhang et al [ 24 ].…”