Naja naja karachiensisEnvenomation: Biochemical Parameters for Cardiac, Liver, and Renal Damage along with Their Neutralization by Medicinal Plants

Abstract

Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 μg/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of ALT (72 ± 4.70 U/L, 0.1 > P > 0.05), AST (157 ± 24.24 U/L, 0.1 > P > 0.05), urea (42 ± 3.08 mg/dL, 0.05 > P > 0.02), creatinine (1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dL, 0.01 > P > 0.001), CK-MB (21 ± 1.5 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02), and LDH (2064 ± 15.98 U/L, P < 0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. However, lethality was enhanced with 800 μg/kg of venom in terms of significant release of ALT (86 ± 5.0 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02), AST (251 ± 18.2 U/L, 0.01 > P > 0.001), urea (57.6 ± 3.84 mg/dL, 0.02 > P > 0.01), creatinine (2.1 ± 0.10 mg/dL, 0.02 > P > 0.01), CK-MB (77 ± 11.22 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02), and LDH (2562 ± 25.14 U/L, P ≪ 0.001). Among twenty-eight tested medicinal plant extracts, only Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found the best antivenom (P > 0.5) compared to the efficacy of standard antidote (ALT = 52.5 ± 3.51 U/L, AST = 69.5 ± 18.55 U/L, urea = 31.5 ± 0.50 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/dL, CK-MB = 09 ± 0.85 U/L, and LDH = 763 ± 6.01 U/L). Other plant extracts were proved less beneficial and partly neutralized the toxicities posed by cobra venom. However, it is essential in future to isolate and characterize bioactive compound(s) from Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem extract to overcome the complications of snake bite.

Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles

“…On the other hand, snake venom PLA 2 s are toxic and interfere with a number of physiological processes, upon envenomation [ 87 ]. Phospholipase A 2 are also known to be responsible for the hepatic injury, inflammation and anticoagulation in a victim [ 26 ].…”

“…On average cobras can inject 60 mg of venom in a bite [ 25 ]. Cobra venom is a postsynaptic neurotoxin and presents a variety of symptoms like pain, edema, necrosis, respiratory paralysis, headache, cardiac arrest, hypotension, and bleeding wounds [ 26 ]. The use of anticholinesterase, such as neostigmine, has been suggested to compensate a cobra bite, in addition to the administration of antivenom [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Histological Study on the Protective Effects of Tamarind Seed Extract on Cobra Venom in Mice

“…A low dose of tamarind extract showed no improvement in the histopathological alteration induces by KCV; while high dose caused partial improvement, there was a reduction of the histological lesions induced by the KCV. The Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found to reduce and neutralized the biochemical parameters of cardiac, liver, and renal toxicities induced by Naja naja karachiensis envenomation in rats [26], and the Rhazya strictadecne plant extract improved the histological structure alterations and injuries of the liver and kidney induced by the yellow scorpion Leurius quinquestriatus venom in mice. The histopathological alterations in the skeletal muscles fibers, liver, and kidney obtained from envenomed mice with KCV demonstrated in this study may be attributed to the toxic effect of one or more of the active pharmacological compounds of the Cobra venom such as hospholipase A2 (PLA2) or 63-66 KDa metalloproteinase enzymes.…”

Antivenin plants used for treatment of snakebites in Uganda: ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological evidences

“…Almost all the plants recapitulated in this review are employed for the treatment of various ailments. For example, Bidens pilosa L. has been reported to be useful in the treatment of more than 40 disorders including inflammation, immunological disorders, digestive disorders, infectious diseases, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and wounds among others [103][104][105][106]. Albizia coriaria (Welw.…”