In vitro comparative hemostatic studies of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The effects of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives on in vitro human blood coagulation and platelet activation were comparatively studied. The coagulation was assessed by the measure of the whole blood clotting time (WHBCT) and plasma recalcification time (PRT). The tested materials were chitin, chitosan, partially N-acetylated chi- -(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride, and SPONGOSTAN ® standard (a positive control). The results revealed that the WHBCTs of whole blood mixed with chitin, chitosan, NOCC, or SPON-GOSTAN ® standard were significantly decreased with respect to that of the pure whole blood (a blank control) (P Ͻ 0.05), while the WHBCT value of whole blood mixed with PNAC was not significantly reduced. However, the presence of PNAC significantly lowered the PRT value, similar to the addition of chitin, NOCC, or SPONGOSTAN ® standard. Chitosan was found to reduce PRT, but not significantly. In the platelet adhesion and activation studies, the morphology of platelets adherent to the film surfaces of tested materials was examined using a scanning electron microscopic technique. Because of their effective coagulation activites, chitosan, PNAC, and NOCC were further evaluated to determine how platelets behaved when in contact with these film samples for given periods. It was found that NOCC activated platelets most effectively.

Effects of low-temperature surface-wave plasma treatment with various gases on surface modification of chitosan

“…It has reported that the activation of blood factor XII that potentiates the intrinsic pathway of blood plasma coagulation occurs efficiently in contact with hydrophilic procoagulants [35][36][37], due to specific binding event between factor XII. In the normal contact activation of the clotting cascade, factor XII termed Hageman factor is activated on contact with negatively charged surfaces [38]. The negatively charged surface probably readily induced the contact activation of clotting proteins and initiated the clotting cascade, resulting in the quick formation of fibrin.…”

“…The rougher surface and polymer chain influences the interfacial reaction of solute molecules with the chitosan surface. To understand the clotting effect on the surface more deeply, the surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy is seemed to be useful in the measurement of blood clotting time [38][39][40][41].…”

Chitosan as a starting material for wound healing applications

“…Its physical and biochemical properties can be further tailored to meet conditions in wound healing applications (Alves & Mano, 2008;Berger et al, 2004;Florea et al, 2006;Patois et al, 2009;Schuetz et al, 2008). Beside numerous chitosan derivatives, trimethyl chitosan (TMC), N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and O-carboxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (CMTMC) have been synthesized, raising increasing interest due to their enhanced solubility, antibacterial activity, ability to complex drugs or DNA (Thanou et al, 2002), and good biocompatibility (Chen et al, 2006;Hansson et al, 2012a;Janvikul et al, 2006). The mechanism of action in the promotion of wound healing by chitosan derivatives is still debated but is suggested to depend on the type of functionalization.…”

“…Chitosan-based wound dressings possess a set of unique properties, including haemostatic (Janvikul et al, 2006), biodegradable (Patois et al, 2009), and antibacterial properties (Agnihotri et al, 2004) that make them useful for wound healing. Chitosan's antibacterial activity was already observed at low concentrations against a variety of pathogens such as E. coli or S. aureus (Felt et al, 2000) and may be used in various formulation types such as gels (Yan et al, 2010), films (Mizuno et al, 2003) or nanoparticles (Hansson et al, 2012a).…”

“…Strong cell adhesion and proliferation in chondrocytes and fibroblasts (Masuko et al, 2005) N,O-CMC films Decreased blood clotting time and fibrin formation in human blood (Janvikul et al, 2006) …”