<i>HvVRN2</i>Responds to Daylength, whereas<i>HvVRN1</i>Is Regulated by Vernalization and Developmental Status

Trevaskis, Ben; Hemming, Megan N.; Peacock, W. James; Dennis, Elizabeth S.

doi:10.1104/pp.105.073486

Cited by 212 publications

(288 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Expression of HvVRN1 was also induced by long days ( Fig. 3A), as has been reported previously for this barley variety (Trevaskis et al, 2006). These data suggest that, in barley, transcriptional repression of SVPlike genes is not required to promote floral transition in response to long-day conditions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The following primers were used: BM1, 5#-AGAGG-AGAACGCAAGGCTAAAGG-3# and 5#-AGTTGAAGAGTGATAATCCGA-GCCTGAG-3#; BM10, 5#-GCTCATCGTCTTCTCCTCCAC-3# and 5#-CTCCT-CGCCTCTCATCTGTC-3#; HvVRT2, 5#-AAGCTCTCCCAGTTCGCCAGCTCC-3# and 5#-TTAGTCCGTCAAGTTCCTCACC-3#; HvVRN1, 5#-GCATAAGTTGG-TTCTTCCTGGCTCTG-3# and 5#-GCCTCATCATCTTCTCCACCAA-3#; HvFT, 5#-GCGACCCCAACCTTAGAGAG-3# and 5#-CTCGGCAAAGTCCCTGGTG-3#. ACTIN primers have been described previously (Trevaskis et al, 2006 …”

Section: Rt-pcr and Real-time Pcr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short Vegetative Phase-Like MADS-Box Genes Inhibit Floral Meristem Identity in Barley

Tadege²,

et al. 2006

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Analysis of the functions of Short Vegetative Phase (SVP)-like MADS-box genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) indicated a role in determining meristem identity. Three SVP-like genes are expressed in vegetative tissues of barley: Barley MADS1 (BM1), BM10, and Vegetative to Reproductive Transition gene 2. These genes are induced by cold but are repressed during floral development. Ectopic expression of BM1 inhibited spike development and caused floral reversion in barley, with florets at the base of the spike replaced by tillers. Head emergence was delayed in plants that ectopically express BM1, primarily by delayed development after the floral transition, but expression levels of the barley VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) were not affected. Ectopic expression of BM10 inhibited spike development and caused partial floral reversion, where florets at the base of the spike were replaced by inflorescence-like structures, but did not affect heading date. Floral reversion occurred more frequently when BM1 and BM10 ectopic expression lines were grown in short-day conditions. BM1 and BM10 also inhibited floral development and caused floral reversion when expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We conclude that SVP-like genes function to suppress floral meristem identity in winter cereals.During the life cycle of a plant, the shoot apical meristem progresses through three phases of development: vegetative, inflorescence, and floral (Poethig, 1990). In each phase, the apical meristem produces a different set of organs. The vegetative meristem produces leaves, the inflorescence meristem produces leaves and floral meristems to form the inflorescence, and the floral meristem produces the organs that form the flower. The different phases of meristem development are controlled by genes that establish and maintain meristem identity.The shift from vegetative to inflorescence meristem identity, the floral transition, marks the beginning of the reproductive growth phase and is an important determinant of flowering time. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the Short Vegetative Phase (SVP) gene encodes a MADS-box transcription factor that delays the floral transition (Hartmann et al., 2000). Mutations that disrupt SVP cause early flowering (Hartmann et al., 2000), whereas ectopic expression of SVP results in late flowering. Ectopic expression of SVP also inhibits floral meristem identity, causing floral abnormalities such as the conversion of sepals and petals to leaf-like structures (Brill and Watson, 2004;Masiero et al., 2004) and causing inflorescence-like structures to develop within flowers (Brill and Watson, 2004). The development of inflorescences within flowers indicates that meristematic cells within the flower have lost floral identity and have formed an inflorescence instead of floral organs, a phenomenon known as floral reversion (Tooke et al., 2005). Presumably, ectopic expression of SVP causes floral reversion by interfering with a mechanism that maintains floral meristem identity.The Arabidopsis gene, AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24)...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Rt-pcr and Real-time Pcr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Vegetative Phase-Like MADS-Box Genes Inhibit Floral Meristem Identity in Barley

Tadege²,

et al. 2006

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“…In crosses between vernalization-responsive (winter) and vernalization-nonresponsive (spring) wheat, the winter allele of VRN2 is dominant to the spring allele, whereas the winter allele of VRN1 is recessive (Tranquilli and Dubcovsky, 2000). During vernalization and/or exposure to short days, the transcription of VRN2 gene products is reduced, resulting in derepression of VRN1 following a shift back to long days (Yan et al, 2004b;Dubcovsky et al, 2006;Trevaskis et al, 2006). Subsequent up-regulation of genes underlying VRN1 causes individual plants to become competent to flower (Danyluk et al, 2003;Murai et al, 2003;Trevaskis et al, 2003;Yan et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the proposed model for vernalization-responsive (winter) growth habits, VRN2 alleles repress flowering by direct or indirect repression of VRN1 alleles under long days (Danyluk et al, 2003;Murai et al, 2003;Trevaskis et al, 2003Trevaskis et al, , 2006Yan et al, 2003;von Zitzewitz et al, 2005). In crosses between vernalization-responsive (winter) and vernalization-nonresponsive (spring) wheat, the winter allele of VRN2 is dominant to the spring allele, whereas the winter allele of VRN1 is recessive (Tranquilli and Dubcovsky, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal GrassVERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering

Preston

Kellogg

2007

Plant Physiology

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Members of the grass subfamily Pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. Winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. In the pooid grasses wheat (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic variation at the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and/or VRN2 loci. To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined expression profiles for multiple cultivars of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat with and without cold treatment. Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat. Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat. These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids. Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves. This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.

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“…After vernalization, VRN1 transcript levels remain elevated in leaves and at the shoot apex 5,8 . The expression of VRN1 at the shoot apex is likely to promote inflorescence meristem identity, whereas the expression of VRN1 in leaves is required for the long-day flowering response [8][9][10][11][12] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

et al. 2015

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Transcription of the VERNALIZATION1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. VRN1 encodes a MADS box transcription factor that promotes flowering by regulating the expression of other genes. Here we use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct targets of VRN1. Over 500 genomic regions were identified as potential VRN1-binding targets by ChIP-seq. VRN1 binds the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1, a promoter of flowering in vernalized plants. VRN1 also targets VERNALIZATION2 and ODDSOC2, repressors of flowering that are downregulated in vernalized plants. RNA-seq identified additional VRN1 targets that might play roles in triggering flowering. Other targets of VRN1 include genes that play central roles in low-temperature-induced freezing tolerance, spike architecture and hormone metabolism. This provides evidence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important traits in cereal crops.

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HvVRN2Responds to Daylength, whereasHvVRN1Is Regulated by Vernalization and Developmental Status

Cited by 212 publications

References 34 publications

Short Vegetative Phase-Like MADS-Box Genes Inhibit Floral Meristem Identity in Barley

Short Vegetative Phase-Like MADS-Box Genes Inhibit Floral Meristem Identity in Barley

Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal GrassVERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

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