Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

SUMMARY The genus Enterobacter is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more complex as a result of the exponential evolution of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Today, 22 species belong to the Enterobacter genus. These species are described in the environment and have been reported as opportunistic pathogens in plants, animals, and humans. The pathogenicity/virulence of this bacterium remains rather unclear due to the limited amount of work performed to date in this field. In contrast, its resistance against antibacterial agents has been extensively studied. In the face of antibiotic treatment, it is able to manage different mechanisms of resistance via various local and global regulator genes and the modulation of the expression of different proteins, including enzymes (β-lactamases, etc.) or membrane transporters, such as porins and efflux pumps. During various hospital outbreaks, the Enterobacter aerogenes and E. cloacae complex exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, which has stimulated questions about the role of cascade regulation in the emergence of these well-adapted clones.

<p>Inactivation of Non-Enveloped Viruses and Bacteria by an Electrically Charged Disinfectant Containing Meso-Structure Nanoparticles via Modification of the Genome</p>

“…The mechanisms of action of CAC-717 are apparently different from any antibiotics, suggesting that CAC-717 may be effective in inactivating antibiotic resistant strains of harmful bacteria. [25][26][27][28] However, further studies using various antibiotic-resistant bacteria would be required to confirm the effect of CAC-717 on these strains.…”

La batalla contra las superbacterias: No más antimicrobianos, no hay ESKAPE

“…Enterobacter cloacae y Enterobacter aerogenes son las bacterias más representativas de este grupo y las más comúnmente asociadas con multirresistencia a antimicrobianos. Aunque se han reportado aislados resistentes a B-lactámicos y fluoroquinolonas, que eran la primera opción para tratar este tipo de infecciones, hasta el momento el empleo de colistina ha dado buenos resultados (Davin-Regli, Lavigne & Pagés, 2019).…”

Characterization of resistance mechanisms of Enterobacter cloacae Complex Co-resistant to Carbapenem and Colistin

“…In the past few decades, ECC was one of the most common pathogens in hospitals, often causing various infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis (1). Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter hormaechei are the most common in clinical infected patients, especially in patients with immunocompromise and who admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (2). Due to the widespread use of antibiotics and the ability of ECC to be good at up-regulating or obtaining drug resistance determinants, multi-drug resistance (MDR) ECC strains have emerged and spread around the world.…”