<i>Cryptosporidium</i>species causing acute diarrhoea in children in Antananarivo, Madagascar

Areeshi, Mohammed Y.; Dove, Winifred; Papaventsis, Dimitrios; Gatei, Wangeci; Combe, P; Grosjean, Pierre; Leatherbarrow, Howard

doi:10.1179/136485908x278793

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…G. lamblia showed the significant high risk age group as >5-14 yrs, though the lesser age groups were also involved. The detection rate of Cryptosporidium spp is comparable with other investigations [16,26]. Two major observations recorded in this study were the infection of Giardia in the adult patient group of up to 20 years and significant association of Giardia as co-infection with other pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

et al. 2010

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BackgroundThis study was conducted to determine the etiology of diarrhoea in a hospital setting in Kolkata. Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on two random days per week by enrolling every fifth diarrhoeal patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital in Kolkata.ResultsMost of the patients (76.1%) had acute watery diarrhoea in association with vomiting (77.7%) and some dehydration (92%). Vibrio cholerae O1, Rotavirus and Giardia lamblia were the important causes of diarrhoea. Among Shigella spp, S. flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes were most predominantly isolated. Enteric viruses, EPEC and EAEC were common in children <5 year age group. Atypical EPEC was comparatively higher than the typical EPEC. Multidrug resistance was common among V. cholerae O1 and Shigella spp including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Polymicrobial infections were common in all age groups and 27.9% of the diarrhoea patients had no potential pathogen.ConclusionsIncrease in V. cholerae O1 infection among <2 years age group, resistance of V. cholerae O1 to tetracycline, rise of untypable S. flexnerii, higher proportion of atypical EPEC and G. lamblia and polymicrobial etiology are some of the emerging trends observed in this diarrhoeal disease surveillance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

et al. 2010

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“…In fact, the results of several other subgenotyping studies, from other areas of the world, have also indicated a similarly large degree of heterogeneity, in a restricted geographical location, to that described here. In Madagascar, for example, three subtype families (Ia, Id and Ie) were recently identified amongst just eight C. hominis isolates from children (Areeshi et al, 2008). Furthermore, Gatei et al (2008) suggested that, in developing countries (as seen in studies in India, Malawi and Peru), subtype heterogeneity is common, and only in industrialized countries (as seen in studies from the U.K. and Portugal) is subtype homogeneity more usual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and epidemiological investigations of cryptosporidiosis in Cuban children

Pelayo

Núñez

Rojas

et al. 2008

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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Molecular and epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium infections amongst 28 Cuban children (aged 2-8 years) with diarrhoea are described. As few of the younger infected children but most of the older infected children had been breastfed, short-term protection from maternal antibodies passed to infants during breastfeeding may result in a lack of cryptosporidial infection in infancy. This protection of breastfeeding children may, however, result in such children developing less anti-Cryptosporidium immunity of their own (than their bottle-fed counterparts), so that, by school age, the children who had been breastfed are those most likely to be found infected. In the present study, in contrast with the observations made during a previous study of cryptosporidiosis in Cuban children, vomiting was rare (7%) whereas abdominal pain was common (57%). These differences in expression of symptoms between studies may be age-related. As seen in other studies from similar countries, including those of the Caribbean and Latin America, C. hominis was found to predominate, the results of the successful molecular analyses revealing 10 C. hominis infections but no C. parvum. Subgenotyping (at the gp60 locus) indicated that the C. hominis infections included a wide range of subtypes, with isolates from three subtype families (Ia, Ib and Id) being detected.

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“…The environmentally resistant oocysts are fully sporulated when they are excreted in feces, and therefore they are immediately infectious (116,441,477). Infections are usually characterized by self-limiting diarrhea associated with severe abdominal pain in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent persons, especially HIV-infected persons and children worldwide (16,116,390). The duration of clinical symptoms is highly dependent on the person's immunological competence (235).…”

Section: Cryptosporidium Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY Several enteric protozoa cause severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals worldwide. In developed settings, enteric protozoa are often ignored as a cause of diarrheal illness due to better hygiene conditions, and as such, very little effort is used toward laboratory diagnosis. Although these protozoa contribute to the high burden of infectious diseases, estimates of their true prevalence are sometimes affected by the lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques to detect them in clinical and environmental specimens. Despite recent advances in the epidemiology, molecular biology, and treatment of protozoan illnesses, gaps in knowledge still exist, requiring further research. There is evidence that climate-related changes will contribute to their burden due to displacement of ecosystems and human and animal populations, increases in atmospheric temperature, flooding and other environmental conditions suitable for transmission, and the need for the reuse of alternative water sources to meet growing population needs. This review discusses the common enteric protozoa from a public health perspective, highlighting their epidemiology, modes of transmission, prevention, and control. It also discusses the potential impact of climate changes on their epidemiology and the issues surrounding waterborne transmission and suggests a multidisciplinary approach to their prevention and control.

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Cryptosporidiumspecies causing acute diarrhoea in children in Antananarivo, Madagascar

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

Molecular and epidemiological investigations of cryptosporidiosis in Cuban children

Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective

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