<i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i>: stress survival and virulence potential in an opportunistic foodborne pathogen

Feeney, Audrey; Kropp, Kai A.; O'Connor, R. D.; Sleator, Roy D.

doi:10.4161/19490976.2014.983774

Cited by 50 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…C. sakazakii is an extremely osmotolerant gastrointestinal pathogen. 19 The most common route of infection is via powdered infant formula (PIF), resulting in an infant mortality rate of »80%. Unravelling C. sakazakii' s osmotolerance mechanisms is thus a key first step in controlling the pathogen.…”

Section: Acid Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Under the microscope: From pathogens to probiotics and back

Sleator¹

2015

Bioengineered

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Section: Acid Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Under the microscope: From pathogens to probiotics and back

Sleator¹

2015

Bioengineered

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“…The source of contamination in PIF is thought to include a broad range of dry blended raw material (e.g., rice, soybean) together with environmental sources related to the production environment (5,6,(11)(12)(13). The international commission for microbiological specifications for foods (ICMSF) has classified Cronobacter sakazakii as a severe hazard for restricted populations (including infants), including those afflicted with substantial chronic sequelae or life threatening diseases or those who are infected for a long duration (14). As a result, C. sakazakii has been included among the most common bacterial pathogens, along with A Clostridium botulinum and Listeria monocytogenes (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Milk Infant Formula by Phenotypic and Molecular Methods in Iran

Mardaneh

Dallal

2016

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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Background: Cronobacter is a genus within the family Enterobacteriaceae and was previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii. Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic ubiquitous bacterium and is identified throughout the world as an emerging food-borne pathogen. This pathogen causes meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and sepsis (septicemia) in patients hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units and has a high mortality and morbidity rate. Contamination of powdered infant milk formula occurs more easily because it is a nonsterilized product. Objectives: The aims of the present study were as follows: Isolation of Cronobacter sakazakii from powdered infant formula milk (PIF), confirmation of isolates by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular method, and characterization of an antibiotic susceptibility profile. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 125 powdered infant formula milk (PIF) samples purchased from hospital drug stores between June 2014 and March 2015. Cronobacter sakazakii was recovered according to FDA protocol. For the final confirmation of isolates, different biochemical tests embedded in the API-20E kit system and manual biochemical tests were used according to the directions of the manufacturer. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar by disk diffusion method according to CLSI recommendations. For molecular confirmation of isolates confirmed by biochemical tests, PCR was performed on 16S rRNA gene specific for Cronobacter sakazakii. Results: Out of the 125 PIF samples investigated, nine (7.2%) of the samples were positive for Cronobacter sakazakii. All C. sakazakii strains isolated from PIF samples were uniformly susceptible to ticarcillin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and colistin. All isolates were confirmed by PCR. Conclusions: Results showed that PIF that is being consumed in Iran is contaminated with this pathogen and can cause disease in infants; especially those hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and fed PIF. The number of reported cases of Cronobacter infections is very low, but nevertheless there has been a slight increase recently. While the reported cases worldwide are few, it needs to be noted that the number of infections may be underestimated since not all clinical analysis laboratories carry out research on other bacterial pathogens, and not all countries have a system for reporting diseases.

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“…Moreover, C. sakazakii is a relevant pathogen in infant foods and it has been linked with numerous cases of meningitis and necrotizing enteritis in babies (Feeneyy, Kropp, O'Connor, & Sleator, 2015;Forsythe, Dickins, & Jolley, 2014;Yan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms from food contact surfaces through enzymatic catalysis

Ripolles‐Avila

Ríos-Castillo

Fontecha‐Umaña

et al. 2019

Journal of Food Safety

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Bacterial biofilms are highly difficult to control, hence significant economic resources have been allocated to develop strategies to eradicate them. This study evaluated the effect of an enzymatic treatment to be used as a cleaning product to control the presence of biofilms. Two different materials used in the food industry, polystyrene and stainless steel, were tested using Salmonella Typhimuirum and Cronobacter sakazakii. Biofilm formation was carried out by inoculating the surfaces with a standardized concentration of 4 log (CFU cm−2) and incubated for 48 hr with renewal of nutrients. The biofilm formation and subsequent enzymatic treatment were quantified using fluorescence microscopy and the conventional culture method. The enzymatic treatment showed significant reductions of 2–3 log (CFU cm−2) in biofilm cells, which was attributed to the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the further detachment of both microorganisms. The maximum biofilm detachment obtained with the preventive formula was 46.67%; however, this percentage could be increased by applying an aggressive treatment or by adding a subsequent disinfection step that would eliminate adhered microbial cells. Further, the enzymatic cleaning treatment could be exploited as a potent technology to control bacterial adherence and biofilm formation in the food industry.

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Cronobacter sakazakii: stress survival and virulence potential in an opportunistic foodborne pathogen

Abstract: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Cited by 50 publications

References 98 publications

Under the microscope: From pathogens to probiotics and back

Under the microscope: From pathogens to probiotics and back

Study of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Milk Infant Formula by Phenotypic and Molecular Methods in Iran

Removal of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms from food contact surfaces through enzymatic catalysis

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