<i>Candida</i> biome of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and its cariogenic virulence traits

Fakhruddin, Kausar Sadia; Samaranayake, LP; Egusa, Hiroshi; Ngo, Hien Chi; Panduwawala, Chamila; Venkatachalam, Thenmozhi; Kumarappan, Allagappan; Pesee, Siripen

doi:10.1080/20002297.2020.1724484

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Our study is the first report of changes in C. albicans colonization with age and the first to assess the association with the mother’s colonization. C. albicans is associated with a highly acidogenic and acid-tolerant bacterial community in children with severe ECC (Xiao, Grier, et al 2018; Fakhruddin et al 2020). Our results suggest that colonization with S. mutans and C. albicans is primarily a result of age-related changes in exposure (e.g., introduction of foods, interactions with other children) and potential for colonization (i.e., emergence of teeth) rather than transmission from mother to child.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Oral Health Influences Infant Salivary Microbiome

et al. 2020

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Oral microbiomes vary in cariogenic potential; these differences may be established early in life. A major concern is whether mothers transmit cariogenic bacteria to their children. Here we characterize early salivary microbiome development and the potential associations of that development with route of delivery, breastfeeding, and mother’s oral health, and we evaluate transmission of microbes between mother and child. We analyzed saliva and metadata from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia. For this cohort study, we sequenced the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene and used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans in the saliva from mothers and their infants, collected at 2, 9, and 12 mo (Pennsylvania site) and 2, 12, and 24 mo (West Virginia site). Breastfed children had lower relative abundances of Prevotella and Veillonella. If mothers had decayed, missing, or filled teeth, children had greater abundances of Veillonella and Actinomyces. There was little evidence of maternal transmission of selected microbes. At 12 mo, children’s microbiomes were more similar to other children’s than to their mothers’. Infants’ salivary microbiomes became more adult-like with age but still differed with mothers’ microbiomes at 12 mo. There was little evidence supporting transmission of selected microbes from mothers to children, but risk of colonization was associated with tooth emergence. Children are likely to acquire cariogenic bacteria from a variety of sources, including foods and contact with other children and adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Oral Health Influences Infant Salivary Microbiome

et al. 2020

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“…C. albicans has been found within and implicated in all aspects of oral disease from caries, periodontitis and denture stomatitis. Close association with Streptococcus mutans in caries patients has caused researchers to link Candida to a more severe cariogenic lesion in children [ 31 ]. Similarly, Candida spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans as an Essential “Keystone” Component within Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm Models?

et al. 2020

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Background: Existing standardized biofilm assays focus on simple mono-species or bacterial-only models. Incorporating Candida albicans into complex biofilm models can offer a more appropriate and relevant polymicrobial biofilm for the development of oral health products. Aims: This study aimed to assess the importance of interkingdom interactions in polymicrobial oral biofilm systems with or without C. albicans, and test how these models respond to oral therapeutic challenges in vitro. Materials and Methods: Polymicrobial biofilms (two models containing 5 and 10 bacterial species, respectively) were created in parallel in the presence and absence of C. albicans and challenged using clinically relevant antimicrobials. The metabolic profiles and biomasses of these complex biofilms were estimated using resazurin dye and crystal violet stain, respectively. Quantitative PCR was utilized to assess compositional changes in microbial load. Additional assays, for measurements of pH and lactate, were included to monitor fluctuations in virulence “biomarkers.” Results: An increased level of metabolic activity and biomass in the presence of C. albicans was observed. Bacterial load was increased by more than a factor of 10 in the presence of C. albicans. Assays showed inclusion of C. albicans impacted the biofilm virulence profiles. C. albicans did not affect the biofilms’ responses to the short-term incubations with different treatments. Conclusions: The interkingdom biofilms described herein are structurally robust and exhibit all the hallmarks of a reproducible model. To our knowledge, these data are the first to test the hypothesis that yeasts may act as potential “keystone” components of oral biofilms.

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“…Although the classic microbial pathogens associated with caries are mutans -streptococci and lactobacilli [ 34 ], there are an increasing number of studies that indicate the intimate association of Candida species, an opportunistic oral commensal, with caries etiology [ 35 ]. As there were no published reports, to our knowledge, on the prevalence of Candida species in S-ECC, we embarked on the current study to obtain baseline data on the presence of oral yeasts in S-ECC in a cohort of Emirati children with a very high prevalence of the disease [ 28 ]. An experienced pedodontist performed site-specific mycobiological sampling of a total of 132 (occlusal and proximal) lesions in 66 children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caries diagnosis, sample collection, microbiological and molecular biological analyses were performed as described below, with minor variations to the protocol from a recently published study [ 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profuse diversity and acidogenicity of the candida-biome of deep carious lesions of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)

Fakhruddin

Samaranayake

Egusa

et al. 2021

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Introduction: The retentive niches of deep caries lesions have a distinct biome. Methods: We evaluated the site-specific (occlusal and proximal) Candida -biome of Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) in 66- children (132 lesions). Asymptomatic primary molars fitting the definition of the International Caries Detection and Assessment-(ICDAS)-caries-code 5/6 were analyzed. Deep-dentinal sampling and simultaneous assessment of pH were performed. Clinical isolates were speciated using multiplex-PCR and evaluated for their acidogenic and aciduric potential. Results: Surprisingly, a high prevalence of Candida species (72.7%), either singly or in combination, was noted from both the proximal and occlusal cavities. C. tropicalis was the most prevalent species (47%; 34/72), followed by C. krusei (43.1%; 31/72) and C. albicans (40.3%; 29/72), with C. glabrata being the least (9.7%; 7/72). Over 45% low-pH niches (pH <7) of both sites yielded either dual or triple species of Candida . Genotyping revealed three distinct C. albicans genotypes (A, B, and C) with (14/29; 48.3%) of strains belonging to Genotype A. All four evaluated Candida species exhibited acidogenic and aciduric potential, C. tropicalis being the most potent. Conclusion: This, the first report of the high-density, multispecies, yeast colonization of deep-dentinal lesions in S-ECC, suggests that the Candida -biome plays a significant etiologic role in the condition, possibly due to their profound acidogenicity in milieus rich in dietary carbohydrates.

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Candida biome of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and its cariogenic virulence traits

Cited by 28 publications

References 57 publications

Maternal Oral Health Influences Infant Salivary Microbiome

Maternal Oral Health Influences Infant Salivary Microbiome

Candida albicans as an Essential “Keystone” Component within Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm Models?

Profuse diversity and acidogenicity of the candida-biome of deep carious lesions of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)

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