“…with intestinal epithelial cells result in the production of cytokines, which are regulators of host responses to infection, and which have important roles in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. [19][20][21] Cytokines are produced by immune cells, and according to their function, they are divided into the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and interferon (IFN)-g, and the antiinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-10 and tumor growth factor-b. 2,22 Both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are induced during Campylobacter spp infection, and it is important to determine whether the immune system is successful in providing protection against these specific pathogens.…”