Baccharis trimera inhibits reactive oxygen species production through PKC and down-regulation p47^phox phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase in SK Hep-1 cells

Abstract

Baccharis trimera, popularly known as "carqueja", is a native South-American plant possessing a high concentration of polyphenolic compounds and therefore high antioxidant potential. Despite the antioxidant potential described for B. trimera, there are no reports concerning the signaling pathways involved in this process. So, the aim of the present study was to assess the influence of B. trimera on the modulation of PKC signaling pathway and to characterize the effect of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme (NOX) on the generation of reactive oxygen species in SK Hep-1 cells. SK-Hep 1 cells were treated with B. trimera, quercetin, or rutin and then stimulated or not with PMA/ionomycin and labeled with carboxy HDCFDA for detection of reactive oxygen species by flow cytometer. The PKC expression by Western blot and enzyme activity was performed to evaluate the influence of B. trimera and quercetin on PKC signaling pathway. p47 and p47 phosphorylated expression was performed by Western blot to evaluate the influence of B. trimera on p47 phosphorylation. The results showed that cells stimulated with PMA/ionomycin (activators of PKC) showed significantly increased reactive oxygen species production, and this production returned to baseline levels after treatment with DPI (NOX inhibitor). Both B. trimera and quercetin modulated reactive oxygen species production through the inhibition of PKC protein expression and enzymatic activity, also with inhibition of p47 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that B. trimera has a potential mechanism for inhibiting reactive oxygen species production through the PKC signaling pathway and inhibition subunit p47 phosphorylation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase.

Baccharis trimera aqueous extract modulates inflammation and nociception in mice

“…Indeed, phenolic acids and flavonoids can donate electrons and stop chain reactions [37,38]. The inhibitory effect of B. trimera on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be explained by two distinct mechanisms, which may or may not generate synergistic effects [39]. The same authors explained that the first mechanism involves the inhibition of the PKC protein expression and activity, and the second mechanism is associated with the downregulation of the p47 phox phosphorylation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme (NOX).…”

Baccharis trimera (Carqueja) Improves Metabolic and Redox Status in an Experimental Model of Type 1 Diabetes

“…It is known that B. trimera contains many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and that these are well-known for their antioxidant activity [17, 36]. B. trimera extract showed antioxidant activity, especially at high concentrations, but this activity was unremarkable when compared to the reference antioxidant butyl-hydroxyanisole (BHA).…”

“…Baccharis trimera (Less.) D.C., popularly known as “carqueja,” is one of the most commonly used medicinal plant and already had several proven biological effects such as hypoglycemic [12], hepatoprotective [13, 14] and antioxidant [15–17]. Other species of the genus Baccharis may present marked toxicity [18, 19], raising concerns about the use of plants from this genus.…”

“…Other species of the genus Baccharis may present marked toxicity [18, 19], raising concerns about the use of plants from this genus. Studies on the chemical composition of B. trimera demonstrated that this plant has many bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids [17], diterpenes, and triterpenes [20]. Flavonoids are well-known for their multiple biological functions, including antidiabetic [21, 22].…”

Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. "carqueja": a review of uses in traditional medicine, phytochemical composition and pharmacological studies

“…Ambas reducen las enzimas transaminasas (aspartato aminotransferasa y alanina aminotransferasa) en células hepaticas, la lipoperoxidación de membranas y muerte celular de los hepatocitos (Domitrović et al 2012, Montalvo-Javé et al 2011. Además, produce la regeneración de hepatocitos después de 24 horas de una hepatectomía (Lima et al 2017) y reduce las ROS en las células cancerosas SK Hep-1 mediante el ensayo de MTT (bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio) (de Araújo et al 2016). En las células gástricas previenen el daño oxidativo y muerte celular.…”