Baccharis trimera aqueous extract modulates inflammation and nociception in mice

Abstract

Background The aerial parts of Baccharis trimera (Less.) are frequently used as a tea to treat several diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the constituents of an aqueous extract of B. trimera, focusing on their antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antinociception activities and properties. For that, the researchers performed in vivo assays using the formalin test and Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) to measure the acute and chronic inflammatory pain in mice. Moreover, the myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO) was analyzed in the subcutaneous tissue after the FCA injection, together with the counting of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the mice. Results The qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids and saponins in the B. trimera aqueous extract. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses showed the presence of phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, as well as flavonoids, such as rutin, quercetin, and luteolin. The DPPH assay was used in order to measure the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of B. trimera and this showed an IC50 of 118.18 ± 1.02 μg/mg. The data from the formalin test demonstrated that a single dose of the aqueous extract of B. trimera was not able to decrease the nociceptive behavior during the neurogenic phase, at any of the tested doses (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg p.o.). However, during the inflammatory phase of this test, the aqueous extract of B. trimera at 80 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly decreased the nociceptive behavior, showing more effectiveness when compared to the other tested doses (p < 0.05). Importantly, in the chronic inflammatory model on the 5th day of treatment, the aqueous extract of B. trimera (80 mg/kg p.o.) significantly reduced mechanical allodynia (p < 0.01), heat thermal hyperalgesia (p < 0.001), and paw edema (p < 0.05). There were no changes in the MPO activity, but the data exhibited an equivalent decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the blood of the mice that were treated with B. trimera (80 mg.kg− 1 p.o.) and diclofenac sodium. Conclusion Taken together, the present data reinforces the potential of the B. trimera aqueous extract as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic compound.

Scavenging Activity on Reactive Oxygen Species with Biological Relevance by Varronia curassavica

“…and Vittis vinifera L. [17,18]. UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS E analysis, negative mode, allowed the annotation of compounds 1-9 in the extract (Table 1), based on the mass fragmentation pattern, accurate mass (chemical formula), and comparison with literature data, as well as the Lamiaceae family due to the chemical composition similarity [19][20][21][22][23][24]. The annotated compounds include one hydroxybenzoic acid, five phenylpropanoids, and three glycosylated quercetin derivatives, being the main peak observed in TIC (Rt = 4.97 min) attributed to rosmarinic acid or its isomer.…”

“…Compound 1 presented in the MS 1 spectrum a deprotonated molecule signal at m/z 197.0456 which matches with the molecular formula of syringic acid. MS 2 fragment ion signal at m/z 179 corresponds to the loss of water molecule (-18 Da) and at m/z 135 to the following loss of carbon dioxide (-44 Da) [20]. Compound 2 was annotated as caffeic acid hexoside.…”

Baccharis trimera Infusion Reduces Macrophages Activation and High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice

“…The Baccharis genus, belonging to the Asteraceae family, comprises more than 500 species, distributed in the American continent and predominant in Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Brazil [ 3 ]. This plant is popularly known as carqueja , and has several therapeutic purposes described in the literature, such as hepatoprotective [ 4 , 5 ], antiulcerogenic [ 6 ], anti-inflammatory [ 7 ], antioxidant and antiadipogenic properties [ 8 , 9 ].…”