Hysteresis correction of scanning tunneling microscope images

Abstract

The hysteresis of the scanning elements in STM are known to cause geometrically distorted images. By analyzing the traces and retraces of the tip, the hysteresis can be quantified and a general model describing the hysteresis can be constructed. That the use of the inverse model can eliminate the hysteresis distortion in STM images is demonstrated. The method does not require any specific ordering of the image. Another method that can be used only on images of surfaces with ordered patterns is also presented. It is an iterative technique where the highest peak in the Fourier domain is maximized by tuning the hysteresis model.

Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction

“…The most important limitation originates from the fact that the relationship between applied voltage and the amount of extension/contraction undergone by the piezoelectric material is nonlinear as well as time- and history-dependent [40–41]. As a result, piezo scanners extend or contract less at the beginning of a scan line than at the end, which leads to hysteresis loops [40,42–43]. Similarly, piezo creep manifests itself as an additional, logarithmically decaying deformation of piezo elements after the application of a change in voltage [44].…”

A microcontroller-based system for piezoscanner nonlinearity correction: Atomic force microscope

“…The proposed nonlinearity correction method is based on the superposition of a quadratic function, with inverted concavity ͑Ϫ␣͒, over the trapezoidal waveform to compensate the distortions caused by the piezoscanner transfer function. 11 In order to produce the appropriated correction signals, the X and Y input waveforms were modified. The dashed lines of Fig.…”

A Collaborative Approach to Teach Modeling and Control of Smart Actuators in the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum

“…The feedforward input can be found to compensate for positioning errors due to creep, vibration, and hysteresis by inverting a model, for example a vibrational dynamics or a hysteresis inputoutput model [25,35,36]. This lecture adopts a simple method involving a look-up table to implement the feedforward controller, where the table is constructed from the measured input-output behavior, for example, by experimentally measuring the hysteresis curve (see previous section).…”

“…They are taught the foundations of feedforward [25,35,36] and feedback control techniques [32,37,38] for piezoactuators (see control schemes shown in Fig. 6).…”