Hysteresis and current dependence of the thickness change of lithium-ion cells with graphite anode

Grimsmann, Florian; Brauchle, Felix; Gerbert, T.; Gruhle, A.; Knipper, Martin; Parisi, J.

doi:10.1016/j.est.2017.04.006

Cited by 57 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It can be seen that there is a small shift in both magnitude and frequency for each SOC between the values reached by charging and those reached by discharging the cell. In [22], similar hysteresis behavior is found for thickness increases of an NMC/G cell and is identified as a result of the transformed intercalation structure during charge and discharge. The difference observed at SOC 0% originates in an altered discharging regime.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…where k defines the cell stiffness, ω the natural frequency, and m the mass of the cell, it can be seen that the cell becomes stiffer at higher SOC levels. Literature states that cells with a graphite-based anode show an increasing thickness during charging [4,22,23], mainly as a result of the volume change caused by staging of the anode during lithium intercalation [18], while the change in the cathode material is usually minor in comparison. Assuming the limited expansion within the pouch due to the surrounding materials, the observed increase in stiffness can be mainly linked to the staging process in the anode.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FRF of the cell at a certain SOC level varies, depending on how the SOC is reached. This is most likely due to the hysteresis effects of anode swelling, which could be related to the cell's charge or discharge history, or even the previous C-rate [22]. Figure 6 shows the FRF for the new cell for charge and discharge at selected SOC levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Frequency Response Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries to Disclose Operational Parameters

et al. 2018

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During the charge and discharge process, lithium-ion batteries change their mechanical properties due to internal structural changes caused by intercalation and de-intercalation of the ions in the anode and cathode. Furthermore, the behavior changes over the lifetime of the battery due to several degradation mechanisms. The mechanical properties of the cell hold valuable information for monitoring these changes and additionally provide data for mechanical construction and further optimization of battery systems. Hence, in this manuscript, the mechanical frequency response function is investigated as a non-destructive method to determine parameters such as stiffness and damping of pouch cells and their correlation with the state of charge (SOC), the state of health (SOH), and the temperature of the cell. Using a mechanical shaker and an impedance head, it is shown that low amplitude forces of only a few Newton and a low frequency region of several hundred Hertz already suffice to show differences in the state of charge and state of health as well as in mechanical properties and the dependencies on temperature. Also the limitations of the method are shown, as the frequency response is not distinct for each parameter and thus, at the moment, does not allow absolute determination of a single value without prior system knowledge.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Frequency Response Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries to Disclose Operational Parameters

et al. 2018

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“…In addition, the pressure on the cells is kept constant by a spring construction and the mobility of one aluminum plate. A fluctuation of the pressure due to the correlations of the cell's thickness to SoC [33,34] and temperature [35] as well as the continuous increase of the cell thickness caused by lithium plating and gassing [36] could otherwise have a negative effect on cell aging [37]. The manufacturers and the corresponding types of the individual components are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Interactions and Communication Of The Subsystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Test Bench with Adjustable Thermal Connection of Cells to Their Neighbors and a New Model Approach for Parallel-Connected Cells

et al. 2019

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This article presents a test bench with variable temperature control of the individual cells connected in parallel. This allows to reconstruct arising temperature gradients in a battery module and to investigate their effects on the current distribution. The influence of additional contact resistances induced by the test bench is determined and minimized. The contact resistances are reduced from R Tab + = 81.18 μ Ω to R Tab + = 55.15 μ Ω at the positive respectively from R Tab − = 35.59 μ Ω to R Tab − = 28.2 μ Ω at the negative tab by mechanical and chemical treating. An increase of the contact resistance at the positive tab is prevented by air seal of the contact. The resistance of the load cable must not be arbitrarily small, as the cable is used as a shunt for current measurement. In order to investigate their impacts, measurements with two parallel-connected cells and different load cables with a resistance of R Cab + = 0.3 m Ω , R Cab + = 1.6 m Ω and R Cab + = 4.35 m Ω are conducted. A shift to lower current differences with decreasing cable resistance but qualitatively the same dynamic of the current distribution is found. An extended dual polarization model is introduced, considering the current distribution within the cells as well as the additional resistances induced by the test bench. The model shows a high correspondence to measurements with two parallel-connected cells, with a Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of ξ RMSD = 0.083 A.

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“…Models of the OCV used to determine the state of charge in battery management systems (BMS) should take history dependence into account. Due to differences in the dspacing with cycle direction, in-situ pressure or stress measurements might be beneficial to augment BMS models[29,42].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltage hysteresis during lithiation/delithiation of graphite associated with meta-stable carbon stackings

Mercer

Peng

Soares

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Cell voltage is a fundamental quantity used to monitor and control Li-ion batteries. The open circuit voltage (OCV) is of particular interest as it is believed to be a thermodynamic quantity, free of kinetic effects and history and, therefore, "simple" to interpret. Here we show that the OCV characteristics of graphite show hysteresis between charge and discharge that does not solely originate from Li dynamics and that the OCV is in fact history dependent. Combining First Principles calculations with temperature-controlled electrochemical measurements, we identify a residual hysteresis that persists even at elevated temperatures of greater than 50°C due to differences in the phase succession between charge and discharge. Experimental entropy profiling, as well as energies and volume changes determined from First Principles calculations, suggest that the residual hysteresis is associated with different host lattice stackings of carbon and is related to Li disorder across planes in stage II configurations.

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Hysteresis and current dependence of the thickness change of lithium-ion cells with graphite anode

Cited by 57 publications

References 19 publications

Mechanical Frequency Response Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries to Disclose Operational Parameters

Mechanical Frequency Response Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries to Disclose Operational Parameters

Measuring Test Bench with Adjustable Thermal Connection of Cells to Their Neighbors and a New Model Approach for Parallel-Connected Cells

Voltage hysteresis during lithiation/delithiation of graphite associated with meta-stable carbon stackings

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