Hyssopus Essential Oil: An Update of Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Safety Profile

Abstract

The genus Hyssopus is widespread in central Asia, East Mediterranean, and Mongolian areas. It has six main species which are used as herbal remedies, such as Hyssopus officinalis which is used as a condiment and flavoring agent in food industry. The other five species are H. ambiguus, H. cuspidatus, H. latilabiatus, H. macranthus, and H. seravschanicus. Its species are used in the treatment of various ailments such as cold, cough, loss of appetite, fungal infection, and spasmodic condition. Its constituents especially essential oils are popularly used as an additive in beverages, foods, and cosmetics. The volatile constituents are used for aroma in the food industry, cosmetic industry, and household products. The important active constituents in its essential oils are β-pinene, pinocamphone, isopinocamphone, and other terpenoids. Hyssopus genus is also bundled with other secondary metabolites including flavonoids luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and their glucosides, as well as phenolic compounds including ferulic, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic, and caffeic acid. Combinedly, the extracts of Hyssopus are reported to have potential antiviral and antifungal activities proven using in vitro studies, whereas in vivo investigations have reported the crucial role of Hyssopus extracts in plasma membrane relaxation, cytotoxic, and sedative effects. This plant is believed to be relatively safe at levels commonly used in foods; nevertheless, more studies are needed to determine the safety profile.

Targeting Ras-ERK cascade by bioactive natural products for potential treatment of cancer: an updated overview

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Antiviral Activity of Selected Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Their Monoterpenes Against SARS-Cov-2

“…Also, they have traditionally been used as a muscle pain reliever, tonic, and carminative agents to treat stomach and intestinal disorders such as cramps, nausea, indigestion, and diarrhea ( Tepe and Cilkiz, 2016 ). In addition, Hyssopus officinalis is used for the treatment of cough, cold, loss of appetite, fungal infection, and spasmodic conditions ( Sharifi-Rad et al, 2022 ), while Ziziphora clinopodioides is known as stomachic, carminative, and wound healing herb ( Ozturk and Ercisli, 2007 ).…”

Potential mechanisms of quercetin in cancer prevention: focus on cellular and molecular targets

“…Deciphering the mechanisms of multidrug resistance could contribute to the efficiency of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, and also mitigate the side effects of drugs. [ 8 , 165 ]. The reason for this is the increased activity of ATP-binding cassette family transporters (ABC) [ 166 ].…”

“…Chemopreventive properties of natural bioactive substances have been increasingly important to researchers in the field of medicine in recent years [5,6]. More and more research has demonstrated the anti-cancer potential and usefulness of natural ingredients in the treatment of cancer [7][8][9][10]. Quercetin, a plant flavonol produced from the polyphenol family, is…”