Hypoglycemic activity of CPU2206: A novel peptide from sika ( Cervus nippon Temminck ) antler

Abstract

Previous work had extracted and purified an antidiabetic peptide named CPU2206 with 7,127.6 Da. In this work, the toxicity of CPU2206 was first evaluated by daily administration to ICR mice, and after 28 days of administration, the body weight and lipid metabolism of the mice did not change significantly, which proved its safety and reliability. Second, further studies have focused on its hypoglycemic effects by daily intraperitoneal injection to alloxan‐induced diabetic mice and KK‐Ay mice, showing that CPU2206 effectively decreased the blood glucose and corresponding indicators of diabetic mice. Daily administration of CPU2206 nearly normalized the lipid metabolic parameters in diabetic mice. Histological examination also validated that CPU2206 ameliorated the pancreas injuries induced by alloxan or alleviated islet hypertrophy caused by insulin resistance in KK‐Ay mice. To sum up, a totally new bioactive peptide CPU2206 obtained from sika antler showed significantly antidiabetic as well as lipid‐lowering effects in diabetic mice. Practical applications Antler has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine to invigorate primordial energy, enrich the blood, strengthen bones, and improve both male and female sexual functions for thousands of years. Traditionally, velvet antler can be grinded directly and taken orally, or used in porridge, wine and meat stew. Our experiment enriches the research on the function of edible antlers, provides the basis for developing it into functional health food, and on the other hand, provides an idea for finding new antidiabetic drugs.

Health Effects of Peptides Extracted from Deer Antler

“…Shu-Wen et al used acetic acid to extract DAPs with cell proliferation-promoting activity [ 46 ], and Chaohua et al found that acetic acid-extracted DAPs have positive implications for neurodegenerative diseases [ 47 ]. In addition, acid-extracted DAPs have been found to be useful in the treatment of tumors and heart muscle damage, as well as in lowering blood sugar [ 13 , 48 , 50 ].…”

“…DAPs extracted by different methods have immunomodulatory effects and regulatory effects on the expression Th1 and Th2 cytokines [ 112 , 113 ]. In addition, a glycine- and proline-rich peptide isolated from a deer antler exhibited good glucose metabolism-promoting activity and has been suggested to be applied to treat diabetes [ 13 , 51 ]. DAPs promote myogenin differentiation 1 (MyoD1), myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), and myogenin in a C2C12 cell model and inhibit muscle atrophy induced by senescence [ 114 ].…”

“…Bioactive peptides are usually obtained from intact proteins, and deer antler, which contains about 50% of the dry weight in protein ( Table 1 ) [ 10 ], is considered a good source of bioactive peptides. DAPs possess antioxidant [ 11 ], anti-inflammatory [ 12 ], hypoglycemic [ 13 ], anti-organ fibrosis [ 14 ], anti-aging [ 15 ], anti-tumor [ 16 ], anti-neurological disease [ 17 ], and bone regeneration-promoting properties [ 18 ].…”

Pharmacodynamic structure of deer antler base protein and its mammary gland hyperplasia inhibition mechanism by mediating Raf-1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway activation

“…In recent years, deer antler base has been found to have a rich composition and high medicinal value, containing chemical components such as protein, peptides, amino acids, cholesterol, polysaccharides, lipids, and inorganic substances and minerals. 12 Modern medical research shows that deer antler base extract has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune modulating, 13 antibacterial, 14 hypoglycemic, 15 and nephrotoxic protection properties. 16 It can also inhibit mammary cancer cell proliferation 17 and treat mammary gland hyperplasia 18 among other pharmacological benefits.…”

Peptides Isolated from Amphibian Skin Secretions with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Peptides

“…These peptides hold potential physiological functions in humans, mainly including antimicrobial [ 1 ], antioxidative [ 2 , 3 ], antithrombotic [ 4 , 5 ], and antihypertensive [ 6 , 7 ], depending on their structural properties. To date, peptides are isolated and identified from legumes [ 8 ], cereal [ 9 ], fish-derived products [ 10 , 11 ], porcine skin [ 12 , 13 ], antler [ 14 , 15 ], and amphibians skin, among which, the most studied peptides are the ones found in the amphibians skin, due to the amphibians skin’s unique chemical properties [ 16 ].…”