Hypnopompic hypersynchrony: A hyper-read hypno-pattern

Viswanathan, Neena; Kara, Şukriye Damla; Murray, Kathleen; Benbadis, Selim R.

doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2021.100466

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Hypnopompic (upon arousal) and hypnagogic (upon falling asleep) hypersynchrony are medium‐to‐high voltage rhythmic sinusoidal delta (usually) or theta waveforms seen during these particular sleep–wake transition periods. These waveforms are diffuse but more prominent in the fronto‐central regions, and they may have a notched appearance—especially in younger individuals 38,98–100 . Refer to Figures 27A–d and 28A,B.…”

Section: Normal Eeg Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This differentiation may be done based on these patterns' timing (upon arousal vs. upon falling asleep) and coincidental after‐going background changes (awake background vs. asleep background) as well as monorhythmic morphology (i.e., no evolution). Hypnopompic hypersynchrony is less common than hypnagogic hypersynchrony and may be seen in adults 100 …”

Section: Normal Eeg Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of this was 30 s. On video, the patient woke up and repositioned his head. Settings: Filter: 1.6–70 Hz, Time base 30 mm/s, Sensitivity: 15 μV/mm 100 …”

Section: Normal Eeg Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These waveforms are diffuse but more prominent in the fronto-central regions, and they may have a notched appearance-especially in younger individuals. 38,[98][99][100] Refer to Figures 27A-d and 28A,B.…”

Section: Photomyogenic Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal variants and artifacts: Importance in EEG interpretation

Amin

Nascimento

Karakis

et al. 2023

Epileptic Disorders

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Overinterpretation of EEG is an important contributor to the misdiagnosis of epilepsy. For the EEG to have a high diagnostic value and high specificity, it is critical to recognize waveforms that can be mistaken for abnormal patterns. This article describes artifacts, normal rhythms, and normal patterns that are prone to being misinterpreted as abnormal. Artifacts are potentials generated outside the brain. They are divided into physiologic and extraphysiologic. Physiologic artifacts arise from the body and include EMG, eyes, various movements, EKG, pulse, and sweat. Some physiologic artifacts can be useful for interpretation such as EMG and eye movements. Extraphysiologic artifacts arise from outside the body, and in turn can be divided into the environments (electrodes, equipment, and cellphones) and devices within the body (pacemakers and neurostimulators). Normal rhythms can be divided into awake patterns (alpha rhythm and its variants, mu rhythm, lambda waves, posterior slow waves of youth, HV‐induced slowing, photic driving, and photomyogenic response) and sleep patterns (POSTS, vertex waves, spindles, K complexes, sleep‐related hypersynchrony, and frontal arousal rhythm). Breach can affect both awake and sleep rhythms. Normal variants or variants of uncertain clinical significance include variants that may have been considered abnormal in the early days of EEG but are now considered normal. These include wicket spikes and wicket rhythms (the most common normal pattern overread as epileptiform), small sharp spikes (aka benign epileptiform transients of sleep), rhythmic midtemporal theta of drowsiness (aka psychomotor variant), Cigánek rhythm (aka midline theta), 6 Hz phantom spike–wave, 14 and 6 Hz positive spikes, subclinical rhythmic epileptiform discharges of adults (SREDA), slow‐fused transients, occipital spikes of blindness, and temporal slowing of the elderly. Correctly identifying artifacts and normal patterns can help avoid overinterpretation and misdiagnosis. This is an educational review paper addressing a learning objective of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) curriculum.

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Section: Normal Eeg Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Normal Eeg Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of this was 30 s. On video, the patient woke up and repositioned his head. Settings: Filter: 1.6–70 Hz, Time base 30 mm/s, Sensitivity: 15 μV/mm 100 …”

Section: Normal Eeg Rhythmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photomyogenic Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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