Hypervitaminosis A in the cat: A case report and review of the literature

Polizopoulou, Z. S.; Kazakos, George; Patsikas, M. N.; Roubies, N.

doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2005.05.004

Cited by 54 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In addition, these vitamin A concentrations were in moderate excess of values previously reported in captive cheetahs fed commercially prepared raw meat diets and supplemented meat diets [Bechert et al, ]. Excessive vitamin A intake may interfere with vitamin D metabolism, resulting in skeletal deformations [Polizopoulou et al, ]. Since slight elevations above feline serum reference values were observed in cheetahs consuming a diet of WR for only 1 month, studies with long‐term exclusive feeding of such whole prey items are warranted to evaluate the risk of hypervitaminosis A.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood values of adult captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed either supplemented beef or whole rabbit carcasses

et al. 2011

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This study evaluated nutrient intake and relevant blood parameters of 14 captive cheetahs, randomly assigned to a meat-only diet (supplemented beef, SB) or a whole prey diet (whole rabbit, WR) for 4 weeks each. Despite a higher food intake, daily metabolizable energy intake was lower when fed WR (308 kJ BW(-1) ) compared with SB (347 kJ BW(-1) ) (P = 0.002). The ratio of protein to fat was markedly lower for WR (2.3:1) compared with SB (8.8:1), which was reflected in higher serum urea levels when fed SB (P = 0.033), and a tendency for elevated cholesterol levels when fed WR (P = 0.055). Taurine intake of cheetahs fed WR was low (0.06% on DM basis); however, analytical error during taurine analysis cannot be ruled out. Feeding WR resulted in a well-balanced mineral intake, in contrast to SB. The latter provided a low calcium:phosphorus ratio (1:2.3), thereby increasing the risk of metabolic bone disease. The high zinc content of SB (200 mg/kg DM), compared with WR (94 mg/kg DM), was reflected in higher serum zinc concentrations (P = 0.011). Feeding WR resulted in an increase in serum vitamin A (P = 0.011). Therefore, the risk of hypervitaminosis A in captive cheetahs when fed WR exclusively on a long-term basis should be evaluated. Our findings suggest that neither diet is likely to provide appropriate nutrition to captive cheetahs when fed exclusively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood values of adult captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed either supplemented beef or whole rabbit carcasses

et al. 2011

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“…Hypervitaminosis A, for example, has been associated with spondylosis and vertebral hyperostosis in captive/domestic mammals (Crawshaw & Oyarzun 1996, Polizopoulou et al 2005. Environmental pollution may also be a contributing factor in some cases (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spondylitis in a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) from the southeast Pacific

Félix

Haase²,

Aguirre³

2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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A 7.25 m long male humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) with spondylitis was found beached on August 13, 1994 at Ancon, Ecuador (2°23' S, 80°47' W). The condition involved at least 11 vertebrae, 7 lumbar (L4 to L11) and 4 caudal (Ca1 to Ca4). Partial fusion of vertebrae was observed as a result of intervertebral bony proliferation, likely impeding full motion. The relatively young age of this specimen and the severity of the deformities suggest an infectious, rather than degenerative, process. The gross findings are most consistent with some type of spondyloarthritis. Although this condition has previously been identified in a number of cetacean species, the pathogenesis, population impact and ecologic implications have not been fully assessed. This is the third case described for humpback whales and the first for a humpback whale from the SE Pacific. KEY WORDS: Spondylitis · Humpback whale · Ecuador Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 75: [259][260][261][262][263][264] 2007 1973). Spondyloarthritis can also lead to irregular bone growth with severe pain and loss of mobility. With the exception of DISH, the other 3 conditions have been documented from cetaceans. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this report we describe a case of severe vertebral deformities in a 7.25 m beached, dead male humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. The animal was initially observed on August 13, 1994 near Ancon, Ecuador (2°23' S, 80°47' W), and the partially decomposed carcass was examined the following day. The size of the Ecuadorian specimen indicates that this individual was probably an undersized yearling (see Stevick 1999) that had completed the first migrating roundtrip between the breeding area in tropical waters and the feeding area located in waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula (Stevick et al. 2004). RESULTSExternally, there was no evidence of trauma or attempted predation that would indicate a specific cause of death, but the carcass was covered by uncharacteristically large numbers of whale lice (Cyamus sp.), an ectoparasite specialized in feeding on whale skin (Slijper 1979). Lice were particularly abundant over the peduncular and genital remnants, giving the skin a pale brown coloration in these areas (Fig. 1).The most significant gross finding involved the musculoskeletal system and was observed during the flensing process to obtain the skeleton 1. A large portion of the lumbar and caudal vertebrae were fused and covered with a thick layer of irregular bone. The vertebral column was sectioned on the beach into several small blocks to facilitate transportation to a nearby area, where the blocks were buried for natural cleaning. Unfortunately, the block with most of the caudal vertebrae was lost during this period, and the condition of the final part of the spine could not be assessed. The remaining affected vertebral segments included 7 lumbar (L4 to L11) and 4 caudal (Ca1 to Ca4) vertebrae, approximately 1.5 m in total length (Fig. 2). There was a block of ...

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“…The acute form is caused by either the consumption of liver rich in vitamin A or by the excessive intake of vitamin A concentrates. The chronic form is more common in cats, where it has been reported as a debilitating metabolic osteopathy and is associated with diets based solely on milk and raw ruminant, porcine or chicken liver (Polizopoulou and others 2005). The clinical signs are associated with the skeletal lesions.…”

Section: Differential Diagnoses and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential diagnoses and treatment of cervical syndrome or neck pain

Trevail¹,

Behr²

2014

In Practice

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Neck pain is commonly seen in small animal practice. Pain may arise from the nervous system itself or its surrounding structures. Identification of the origin of pain determines the diagnostic tests required in order to reach a diagnosis and decide on the right therapy. This article discusses differential diagnoses, management and treatment of some common cervical and neck conditions in small animals.

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Hypervitaminosis A in the cat: A case report and review of the literature

Cited by 54 publications

References 16 publications

Blood values of adult captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed either supplemented beef or whole rabbit carcasses

Blood values of adult captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed either supplemented beef or whole rabbit carcasses

Spondylitis in a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) from the southeast Pacific

Differential diagnoses and treatment of cervical syndrome or neck pain

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