Hypertension and the heart

Re, Schmieder; Messerli, F. H.

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001044

Cited by 78 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The association between sodium intake and CVD is presumed to be mediated mainly through raised blood pressure. However, there is evidence that high sodium intake increases cardiovascular risk also through other mechanisms (Safar et al, 2000;Schmieder and Messerli, 2000;Simon, 2003) and could have some direct effects (Perry and Beevers, 1992;Tuomilehto et al, 2001). Besides CVD, high sodium intake may be a risk factor for stomach cancer and have an effect on calcium and bone mineral metabolism; it has also been connected with increased risk of some infections and asthma disorders (Joossens et al, 1996;de Wardener and MacGregor, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Laatikainen¹,

Pietinen²,

Valsta³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

177

127

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Objective: High sodium intake increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and may also be associated with higher rates of stomach cancer, asthma disorders and infections. In Finland, cross-sectional population surveys to monitor cardiovascular risk factors have been carried out since the 1970s. The main aim of this paper is to present trends in urinary sodium and potassium excretion from 1979 to 2002. Design: Cross-sectional population surveys on cardiovascular risk factors. Setting: Surveys were carried out in Finland in 1979Finland in , 1982Finland in , 1987Finland in and 2002 in four geographical areas: North Karelia, the Kuopio area, Southwestern Finland and the Helsinki area. Subjects: For each survey a random sample stratified by age and sex was drawn from the population register. In this analysis, participants of urine collection subsamples aged 25-64 years (n ¼ 4648) were included. Interventions: A 24-h urinary collection was carried out in subsamples (n ¼ 2218-2487) in connection with population risk factor surveys. Urinary sodium and potassium concentrations were analyzed in the same laboratory throughout, using a flame photometer in 1979, 1982 and 1987 and an ion-selective electrode in 2002. Results: Between 1979 and 2002 urinary sodium excretion in Finland decreased from over 220 to less than 170 mmol/day among men and from nearly 180 to less than 130 mmol/day among women. Although potassium excretion decreased somewhat as well, the decrease in sodium-potassium molar ratio was also significant. Conclusions: The 24-h urinary sodium excretion in Finland has decreased significantly during the last 20 years. However, excretion levels are still considerably higher than recommendations. A further decrease in sodium intake remains a goal for the Finnish food industry and consumers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Laatikainen¹,

Pietinen²,

Valsta³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

177

127

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“…[5][6][7] In normotensive subjects left ventricular mass and diastolic filling have been found to be positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion 8,9 ( Figure 1) and in two other normotensive groups followed up for 3 to 8 years the initial left ventricular mass and wall thickness were significantly related to the subsequent development of hypertension. 5 Normotensive rats given 1% saline for several weeks develop an increase in heart weight due to an increase in left ventricular mass without an increase in blood pressure.…”

Section: Left Ventricular Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension

2002

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In addition to raising the blood pressure dietary salt is responsible for several other harmful effects. The most important are a number which, though independent of the arterial pressure, also harm the cardiovascular system. A high salt intake increases the mass of the left ventricle, thickens and stiffens conduit arteries and thickens and narrows resistance arteries, including the coronary and renal arteries. It also increases the number of strokes, the severity of cardiac failure and the tendency for platelets to aggregate. In renal disease, a high salt intake accelerates the rate of renal functional

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“…Increased arterial stiffness, previously reported in hypertensive subject with MetS, 12,31,32 or non-haemodynamic factors, 14 may be responsible for the increased LVM observed in individuals with MetS. It is well known that insulin resistance and the accompanying compensatory hyperinsulinemia are the pathophysiological key features underlying MetS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,12 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), detected either by electrocardiography or echocardiography, is a strong predictor of myocardial infarction, cardiac sudden death, congestive heart failure and stroke. 13,14 Subjects with left ventricular mass (LVM) in the upper normal range already have increased risk for CV events. 15 MetS has been associated with an increased LVM in recent reports conducted in hypertensive patients and in general population, 6,7,12,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] independently of various confounding factors, such as BP values and age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between metabolic syndrome and left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients: does sex matter?

et al. 2008

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Several studies documented an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. However, only in a few of these studies the impact of MetS on left ventricular mass (LVM) was separately analysed by gender, with conflicting results. The aim of our study was to verify, in a wide sample of essential hypertensive patients, the influence of gender, if any, on the relationship between MetS and LVM. We enrolled 475 non-diabetic subjects (mean age: 46 ± 11 years), with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension, of whom 40% had MetS, defined on the basis of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) criteria. All the patients underwent a 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and an echocardiogram. LVM indexed for height 2.7 (LVMH 2.7 ) was significantly (Po0.001) higher in women with MetS (n ¼ 83) than in those without it (n ¼ 97; 54 ± 17 vs 42±11 g m À2.7). An equally significant difference in LVMH 2.7 was documented also in male gender between the two groups with (n ¼ 105) and without MetS (n ¼ 190; 51 ± 14 vs 43±11 g m À2.7 ; Po0.001). The relationship between MetS and LVMH 2.7 remained statistically significant (Po0.001) in both sexes, in multiple regression analyses, even after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Our results seem to suggest that the relationship between MetS and LVM is not significantly affected by gender, being LVM increased in both hypertensive women and men with MetS.

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Hypertension and the heart

Cited by 78 publications

References 71 publications

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Sodium in the Finnish diet: 20-year trends in urinary sodium excretion among the adult population

Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension

Relationships between metabolic syndrome and left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients: does sex matter?

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