Hyperinsulinaemia, obesity, and syndrome X

Zavaroni, Ivana; Bonini, Luca; Fantuzzi, M.; Dall'Aglio, E; Passeri, M; Reaven, Gerald M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1994.tb01031.x

Cited by 73 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Recent studies suggest that HOMA-IR is a common finding among this diabetic type, (40,41) and that HOMA-IR correlates positively with BMI (42,43).…”

Section: Butyrylcholinesterase and Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butyrylcholinesterase and diabetes mellitus in the CHE2 C5- and CHE2 C5+ phenotypes

Cwiertnia

Alcântara

Réa

et al. 2010

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (total and band specific) and diabetes mellitus. Subjects and methods: BChE activities (BChEA, AC 4/5 , AC OF and RC 5 ) were analyzed in 101 type 1 (DM1) and in 145 type 2 (DM2) diabetic patients, in relation to phenotype, weight and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in these patients. The C 4/5 and C 5 complex were separated from other molecular forms (C OF ) using an acid agar gel. Results: The BChE activity (BChEA) and the absolute activities of C 4/5 (AC 4/5 ) and C OF (AC OF ) showed a high positive correlation coefficient to weight in the CHE2 C5-group, while the relative activity of C 5 complex (RC 5 ) showed a negative correlation to weight. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the positive correlation of the BChE activities to diabetes mellitus and to insulin resistance may depend on the CHE2 locus variability. High values of BChE activities were associated with insulin resistance only in CHE2 C5-diabetic patients, while in CHE2 C5+ diabetic patients, the presence of C 5 complex, especially in a relatively high proportion, leads to less fat storage and better protection against metabolic syndrome. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2010;54(1):60-7 Keywords BCHE and CHE2 loci; C 4/5 and C 5 complexes; obesity, insulin resistance; metabolic syndrome; serum cholinesterase RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre as atividades (total e banda específica) da butirilcolinesterase (BChE) e diabetes melito. Sujeitos e métodos: As atividades da BChE (BChEA, AC 4/5 , AC OF e RC 5 ) foram analisadas em 101 pacientes diabéticos do tipo 1 (DM1) e 145 do tipo 2 (DM2) em relação aos fenótipos, ao peso e à incidência da síndrome metabólica. Os complexos C 4/5 e C 5 foram separados das outras formas moleculares (C OF ), usando gel de ágar ácido. Resultados: A atividade da BChE (BChEA) e as atividades absolutas de C 4/5 (AC 4/5 ) e de C OF (AC OF ) mostraram altos coeficientes de correlações positivos com peso no grupo de CHE2 C5-, enquanto a atividade relativa do complexo C 5 (RC 5 ) mostrou correlação negativa com o peso. Conclusões: O presente estudo sugere que as correlações positivas das atividades da BChE com diabetes melito e com a resistência à insulina podem depender da variabilidade do loco CHE2. Altos valores nas atividades da BChE estão associados com a resistência à insulina somente nos pacientes diabéticos CHE2 C5-, enquanto nos pacientes diabéticos CHE2 C5+ a presença do complexo C 5 , especialmente em alta proporção relativa, leva a um menor estoque de gordura e à maior proteção contra a síndrome metabólica. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2010;54(1):60-7 DescritoresLocos BCHE e CHE2; complexos C 4/5 e C 5 ; obesidade, resistência à insulina; síndrome metabólica; colinesterase do soro

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“…Recent studies suggest that HOMA-IR is a common finding among this diabetic type, (40,41) and that HOMA-IR correlates positively with BMI (42,43).…”

Section: Butyrylcholinesterase and Diabetes Mellitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butyrylcholinesterase and diabetes mellitus in the CHE2 C5- and CHE2 C5+ phenotypes

Cwiertnia

Alcântara

Réa

et al. 2010

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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“…4). (19) (12,13,21). It is known that uric acid and sodium have a co-transporter system in the kidney (22).…”

Section: F I G U R E 1 Re L a T I O N S H I P B E T We E N T H E S mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Hyperuricemia and Body Fat Distribution

et al. 2007

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“…These 'metabolically obese normal-weight' individuals appear to be quite common in the general population, and they could be an important target population for exercise therapy, for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome [68, 117,118]. Also, the potential role of a diminished physical work capacity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance among first-degree relatives of NIDDM subjects has recently been stressed [119].…”

Section: Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and the metabolic syndrome

1997

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One of the first people to introduce the metabolic syndrome -or trisyndrome mé tabolique -in the scientific literature was Camus in 1966 [1]. However, this entity did not receive much interest until Reaven in 1988 introduced syndrome X, characterised by hypertension, impairment in glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance [2]. The metabolic syndrome -also called the insulin resistance syndrome -is a multifaceted syndrome characterised by five major abnormalities: obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance/non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)), and dyslipidaemia (hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL-cholesterol). In addition, a number of other abnormalities such as microalbuminuria, hyperuricaemia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor I and low concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator are often associated with the syndrome. The clinical importance of the metabolic syndrome is mainly due to the clustering of simultaneously occurring atherosclerotic risk factors in the same individual [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].The aetiology of the metabolic syndrome is poorly understood; both genetic and environmental factors are involved [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Possible common denominators for the various components of the syndrome are not known, although hyperinsulinaemia/insulin resistance are important characteristics in most of the abnormalities.The prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome varies depending on the population studied and the definition applied. As in any syndrome, not all features are present in the same individual. The estimated prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome in western countries is 25-35 % [2-9]. On the other hand, both Ferrannini and Rupp [8, 9] have reported that only about one-third of an adult study population was free of all major characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Since the prevalence of hypertension, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance usually increase with increasing age, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome will probably also rise in the aging western society.A number of pharmacological therapies can be used for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome; but the results of most of the available therapies are often unsatisfactory, although some trials with metformin and thiazolidinediones have been encouraging [6, 10, 11].Low levels of physical activity are related to most components of the metabolic syndrome [12][13][14][15][16]. Consequently this offers a unique opportunity to employ increased physical activity in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome and its components. This review will focus on the role of physical activity and exercise in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. ObesityThe prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m 2 ) is currently 25-35 % in most western societies, and is increasing [17]. If the prevalence continues to increase, as during the past decades, by the year 2230, 100 % of the adult Uni...

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Hyperinsulinaemia, obesity, and syndrome X

Abstract: The cluster of changes subsumed under the heading of syndrome X are closely associated with hyperinsulinaemia (and presumably insulin resistance), and can be discerned irrespective of degree of obesity.

Cited by 73 publications

References 23 publications

Butyrylcholinesterase and diabetes mellitus in the CHE2 C5- and CHE2 C5+ phenotypes

Butyrylcholinesterase and diabetes mellitus in the CHE2 C5- and CHE2 C5+ phenotypes

Relationship between Hyperuricemia and Body Fat Distribution

Exercise and the metabolic syndrome

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