Hyperelasticity of three-dimensional carbon nanotube sponge controlled by the stiffness of covalent junctions

Zhao, Wenjie; Shan, Changsheng; Elías, Ana Laura; Rajukumar, Lakshmy Pulickal; O’Brien, Daniel J.; Terrones, Mauricio; Wei, Bingqing; Suhr, Jonghwan; Lü, Xin

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.068

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…In the case of sprayer B, the gas carrier was a mixture of Ar-H 2 (95%-5%) with a flow of 1.0 L/min, similar to the case in Ref. 21 . The temperature was controlled by a type 21100 Barnstead/Thermolyne series tubular furnace with one central thermocouple outside the ceramic fiber on the heating chamber to monitor the temperature changes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhao et al ., studied boron-doped and nitrogen-doped isotropic 3D CNT frameworks that contained elbow-like junctions with hyperelastic properties. The boron-doped carbon sponges were fabricated with ferrocene, toluene and triethylborane at 860 °C using an aerosol-assisted catalytic CVD method, and the nitrogen-doped materials were made using ferrocene, thiophene and pyridine through a syringe pump procedure 21 . The mechanical properties of carbon sponges are also interesting due to their ability to return to their original form after deformation, which could be important in the fabrication of artificial muscles 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two Sprayer CVD Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Sponge-type Nanomaterials

Muñoz‐Sandoval

Fajardo‐Díaz

Sánchez-Salas

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Nitrogen-doped carbon sponge-type nanostructures (N-CSTNs) containing coaxial multiwalled carbon nanotubes are synthesized at 1020 °C by using a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) arrangement. Here, the CVD reactor is supplied by two flows coming from two independent sprayers (called sprayer A and sprayer B). The nebulized material in each sprayer is transported by two different gases with different flow velocities. The synthesis of carbon N-CSTNs is performed using different precursors: sprayer A contains a solution composed of ethanol, thiophene and ferrocene, whereas sprayer B contains a solution of benzylamine, thiophene and ferrocene. Samples are classified according to the position inside the reactor and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Samples collected at the beginning of the reactor contain curly structures with diameters of 10–100 nm. At the end of the reactor, the sample is mainly formed by one type of structure. A spongy-type material is mainly formed in the hottest zone of the tubular furnace. The N-CSTNs are highly hydrophobic with oil sorption properties, which could be used for adsorption of oil spills.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Sprayer CVD Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Sponge-type Nanomaterials

Muñoz‐Sandoval

Fajardo‐Díaz

Sánchez-Salas

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…The coiled tubes present “elbow-like junctions”, making it difficult to measure the diameter, but the walls of these CNTs are thick [ 48 , 92 , 93 ]. After purification ( Figure 5 d), the CNTs appear as aggregates, perhaps due to the absence of graphitic edges [ 94 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TEM micrographs of commercial MWCNTs after purification are shown in Figure 5f; for comparison, these micrographs show a more similar morphology than that presented by as-synthesized samples, although the external diameter is smaller 14.3 nm. The coiled tubes present "elbow-like junctions", making it difficult to measure the diameter, but the walls of these CNTs are thick [48,92,93]. After purification (Figure 5d), the CNTs appear as aggregates, perhaps due to the absence of graphitic edges [94].…”

Section: Characterization Of Mwcnts Before and After Purification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

CVD Conditions for MWCNTs Production and Their Effects on the Optical and Electrical Properties of PPy/MWCNTs, PANI/MWCNTs Nanocomposites by In Situ Electropolymerization

et al. 2021

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In this work, the optimal conditions of synthesizing and purifying carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from ferrocene were selected at the first stage, where decomposition time, argon fluxes, precursor amounts, decomposition temperature (at 1023 K and 1123 K), and purification process (HNO3 + H2SO4 or HCl + H2O2), were modulated through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and compared to commercial CNTs. The processing temperature at 1123 K and the treatment with HCl + H2O2 were key parameters influencing the purity, crystallinity, stability, and optical/electrical properties of bamboo-like morphology CNTs. Selected multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), from 1 to 20 wt%, were electropolymerized through in-situ polarization with conductive polymers (CPs), poly(aniline) (PANI) and poly(pyrrole) (PPy), for obtaining composites. In terms of structural stability and electrical properties, MWCNTs obtained by CVD were found to be better than commercial ones for producing CPs composites. The CNTs addition in both polymeric matrixes was of 6.5 wt%. In both systems, crystallinity degree, related to the alignment of PC chains on MWCNTs surface, was improved. Electrical conductivity, in terms of the carrier density and mobility, was adequately enhanced with CVD CNTs, which were even better than the evaluated commercial CNTs. The findings of this study demonstrate that synergistic effects among the hydrogen bonds, stability, and conductivity are better in PANI/MWCNTs than in PPy/MWCNTs composites, which open a promissory route to prepare materials for different technological applications.

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“…Zhao et al 27 synthesized CNSs by the CVD method using ferrocene, toluene, triethylborane, thiophene, and pyridine as precursors. They produced nitrogen- and boron-doped carbon sponges and found that the concentration of thiophene controlled the average diameter of carbon nanotubes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygenated Surface of Carbon Nanotube Sponges: Electroactivity and Magnetic Studies

2019

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We report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube sponges (N-CNSs) by pyrolysis of solutions of benzylamine, ferrocene, thiophene, and isopropanol-based mixture at 1020 °C for 4 h using an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition system. The precursors were transported through a quartz tube using a dynamic flow of H2/Ar. We characterized the N-CNSs by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. We found that isopropanol, isopropanol–ethanol, and isopropanol–acetone as precursors promote the formation of complex-entangled carbon fibers making knots and junctions. The N-CNSs displayed an outstanding oxygen concentration reaching a value of 9.2% for those synthesized with only isopropanol. We identified oxygen and nitrogen functional groups; in particular, the carbon fibers produced using only isopropanol exhibited a high concentration of ether groups (C–O bonds). This fact suggests the presence of phenols, carboxyl, methoxy, ethoxy, epoxy, and more complex functional groups. Usually, the functionalization of graphitic materials is carried out through aggressive acid treatments; here, we offer an alternative route to produce a superoxygenated surface. The understanding of the chemical surface of these novel materials represents a huge challenge and offers an opportunity to study complex oxygen functional groups different from the conventional quinone, carboxyl, phenols, carbonyl, methoxy, ethoxy, among others. The cyclic voltammetry measurements confirmed the importance of oxygen in N-CNSs, showing that with high oxygen concentration, the highest anodic and cathodic currents are displayed. N-CNSs displayed ferromagnetic behavior with an outstanding saturation magnetization. We envisage that our sponges are promising for anodes in lithium-ion batteries and magnetic sensor devices.

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Hyperelasticity of three-dimensional carbon nanotube sponge controlled by the stiffness of covalent junctions

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Two Sprayer CVD Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Sponge-type Nanomaterials

Two Sprayer CVD Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Sponge-type Nanomaterials

CVD Conditions for MWCNTs Production and Their Effects on the Optical and Electrical Properties of PPy/MWCNTs, PANI/MWCNTs Nanocomposites by In Situ Electropolymerization

Oxygenated Surface of Carbon Nanotube Sponges: Electroactivity and Magnetic Studies

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