Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response: A Comparison Between Elite and Novice Skin Divers

Abstract

This study tested whether hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) is affected by experience in apnoea and explored the possible underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon, with reference to maximum breath hold time (BHT). Elite apnoea divers (EBH=11) and novice subjects (NBH=10) performed a HCVR test (BM), which was repeated by the latter group on another day (PRE) after subjects executed five repeated maximum apnoeas. Subsequently, after a two week period of daily apnoea training, NBH subjects repeated HCVR test (POST). Diaphragmatic activity was recorded to determine apnoea easy going phase. Baseline HCVR of EBH was not lower than that of NBH. After execution of five apnoeas, HCVR in EBH decreased (P≤0.05) whereas it was not different among BM, PRE, and POST conditions in the NBH. Higher BHT and easy going phase values ensued from apnoea maneuvers in EBH than in NBH (PRE and POST), and in NBH POST compared to PRE condition (P≤0.05). HCVR was highly correlated (P≤0.05) with the cumulative easy going phase in EBH, PRE condition but nothing-similar observed in NBH, neither in PRE nor in POST conditions. These results indicate that at rest HCVR is not lower in experienced, than novice, skin divers; this response becomes dull after five repeated maximum apnoeas only in EBH. In the NBH group, two weeks of apnoea training are not adequate to affect HCVR despite an increase of BHT. It appears that after a repeated maximum apnoeas maneuver experienced skin divers improve BHT by extending easy going phase whereas NBH by other means.

PEA: Five maximum repeated apnea maneuvers prior to middle-distance racing

“…Few days later (∼ one week), in the PEA session, prior to exercise test the participant perform PEA (i.e., set of five repeated maximal-effort apneas, separated by 2-min recovery intervals, with face immersion in cold water (12°C), in prone position with her/his arms always beside her/his head at the same level; Fig. 2 ) [7 , 13 , 14] . Underneath the participant's head is placed the water container (6.5 l).…”