Five repeated maximal efforts of apneas increase the time to exhaustion in subsequent high-intensity exercise

Effects of a Singular Dose of Mangiferin–Quercetin Supplementation on Basketball Performance: A Double-Blind Crossover Study of High-Level Male Players

“…Nonetheless, the co-administration of a singular dose of mangiferin and quercetin prior to repeated sprint exercise has demonstrated the capacity to augment muscle oxygen extraction [ 22 ]. This augmentation of oxygen extraction within the muscle tissue may enable an increase in muscle O 2 , subsequently offering the potential for a beneficial impact on BEST performance [ 60 ], such as improvements in mean circuit time. However, it is noteworthy that despite previous associations of the oral administration of 500 mg of MLE with improved reaction times and reduced fatigue [ 20 ] and the concurrent ingestion of a single dose of mangiferin–quercetin prior to three repeated Wingate tests demonstrating an enhancement of peak power output [ 22 ], the mean sprint time during the BEST did not exhibit a significant improvement in the EXP group.…”

PEA: Five maximum repeated apnea maneuvers prior to middle-distance racing

“…Few days later (∼ one week), in the PEA session, prior to exercise test the participant perform PEA (i.e., set of five repeated maximal-effort apneas, separated by 2-min recovery intervals, with face immersion in cold water (12°C), in prone position with her/his arms always beside her/his head at the same level; Fig. 2 ) [7 , 13 , 14] . Underneath the participant's head is placed the water container (6.5 l).…”

“…It seems that PEA is a very promising protocol in order to improve middle-distance racing performance and that may play an important role in improving the time performance when high intensity exercise follows on [7] . However, PEA protocol has been studied only in young moderately physically active men without former experience in apnea and in one type, mode, and duration of exercise, which limits its generalizability.…”

“…In 2011, at the XIV International Conference On Environmental Ergonomics, the first empirical data were presented, as far as we know, which were showed that five repeated apneas with face immersion in cold water increase the time to exhaustion at 150% of peak power output [6] . Few years later, a research paper originally published by D. Bourdas and N. Geladas in 2021, presented data derived from novice to apnea male subjects which revealing, that five repeated apneas maximal efforts with face immersion in cold water improve oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles and increase time to exhaustion (11.3%) in subsequent high-intensity exercise of short-duration (i.e., using the same experimental design us earlier) without being further affected (11.7%) by apnea training of two weeks [7] .…”