Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health

Bartram, Jamie; Cairncross, Sandy

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367

Cited by 641 publications

(471 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(40 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

461

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In type C countries, exposures may follow the release of untreated sewage water into the water supply system following extreme weather conditions or accidents such as ruptured sewage pipes (Cabral 2010). In type B and type A countries the release of human pathogens can also be associated with absent or insufficient wastewater treatment, or poor sanitation and outdoor defecation (Bartram and Cairncross 2010).…”

Section: Environmental Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future threats to agricultural food production posed by environmental degradation, climate change, and animal and plant diseases – a risk analysis in three economic and climate settings

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Global food security is one of the most pressing issues for humanity, and agricultural production is critical for achieving this. The existing analyses of specific threats to agricultural food production seldom bring out the contrasts associated with different levels of economic development and different climatic zones. We therefore investigated the same biophysical threats in three modelled types of countries with different economic and climatic conditions. The threats analysed were environmental degradation, climate change and diseases and pests of animals and plants. These threats were analysed with a methodology enabling the associated risks to be compared. The timeframe was 2012-2050 and the analysis was based on three underlying assumptions for 2050: the world population will have increased to 9 billion people, there will be a larger middle class in the world and climate change will be causing more extreme weather events, higher temperatures and altered precipitation. It is suggested that the risks, presented by the biophysical threats analysed, differ among the three modelled types of countries and that climate zone, public stewardship and economic strength are major determinants of these differences. These determinants are far from evenly spread among the world's major food producers, which implies that diversification of risk monitoring and international assessment of agricultural production is critical for assuring global food security in 2050.

show abstract

Section: Environmental Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future threats to agricultural food production posed by environmental degradation, climate change, and animal and plant diseases – a risk analysis in three economic and climate settings

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The reduction for household drinking water connections is in addition to reductions for water quality and availability of public sources. Source: Bartram & Cairncross 2010. 84 such as the frequency of water supply interruption, poor sullage disposal and absence of a washstand; these indicate the need for environmental interventions to address disease transmission in the home as well as the community.…”

Section: Box 4 Incremental and Modular Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Source: Bartram & Cairncross 2010. 84 such as the frequency of water supply interruption, poor sullage disposal and absence of a washstand; these indicate the need for environmental interventions to address disease transmission in the home as well as the community. 42,43 For example, design features of a house, such as locating a washstand within easy reach of a latrine, may enable handwashing with soap 44 which can reduce diarrheal disease by up to 47 %.…”

Section: Box 4 Incremental and Modular Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting Health and Advancing Development through Improved Housing in Low-Income Settings

et al. 2012

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is major untapped potential to improve health in low-income communities through improved housing design, fittings, materials and construction. Adverse effects on health from inadequate housing can occur through a range of mechanisms, both direct and indirect, including as a result of extreme weather, household air pollution, injuries or burns, the ingress of disease vectors and lack of clean water and sanitation. Collaborative action between public health professionals and those involved in developing formal and informal housing could advance both health and development by addressing risk factors for a range of adverse health outcomes. Potential trade-offs between design features which may reduce the risk of some adverse outcomes whilst increasing the risk of others must be explicitly considered.

show abstract

“…Inability to access a clean toilet facility and water affects human beings in various ways. It is associated with health problems including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, worm infestation, lymphatic filariasis, bowel complications and malnutrition (Bartram and Cairncross, 2010;Grimes et al, 2015 andKebirungi, 2017). For example, the annual costs of illnesses attributed to inadequate water and sanitation facilities is estimated at $177million in Uganda and $206 in Tanzania (Kebirungi et al, 2015b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences and Deficiencies of Water and Sanitation Facilities Provisioning and Management in East African Universities

Harriet¹,

Luboobi²,

Consolata³

et al. 2017

IJGWS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the past two decades, East African Universities (EAUs) have experienced ten-fold growth in student enrollments, which has mounted pressure on the aged water and sanitation facilities. This study examined the gender responsiveness in the provisioning and management of water and sanitation facilities at Makerere University (MAK), Uganda and University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Tanzania. The study focused on the status, access, utilization, and students" perceptions of provisioning and management of water and sanitation facilities. A cross sectional gender focused research design was adopted. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. For determination of the status of water and sanitation facilities at both universities, geospatial analysis was performed in ArcGIS 10.1 using geo-referenced toilet and water facility information. The current levels of access to and utilization of water and sanitation facilities at MAK and UDSM are deficient and create gender differences. Female students and those with special needs are the most affected. This status may have serious implications on students" health, socio-economic wellbeing and academic performance. There is need to develop and implement a gender responsive framework and create gender awareness on appropriate use and stakeholders" rights to water and sanitation facilities in EAUs.

show abstract

Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health

Abstract: As the first article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, Jamie Bartram and Sandy Cairncross argue that the massive burden of ill health associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and water supply demands more attention from health professionals and policymakers.

Cited by 641 publications

References 38 publications

Future threats to agricultural food production posed by environmental degradation, climate change, and animal and plant diseases – a risk analysis in three economic and climate settings

Future threats to agricultural food production posed by environmental degradation, climate change, and animal and plant diseases – a risk analysis in three economic and climate settings

Promoting Health and Advancing Development through Improved Housing in Low-Income Settings

Gender Differences and Deficiencies of Water and Sanitation Facilities Provisioning and Management in East African Universities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About