Hygiene Factors and Increased Risk of Trachoma in Central Tanzania

Taylor, Hugh R.; West, Sheila K.; Mmbaga, B. B. O.; Katala, Sidney; Turner, Virginia; Lynch, Matt; Muñoz, Beatriz; Rapoza, Peter A.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020903037

Cited by 124 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The absence of an association of trachoma or infection with distance to water is similar to that found in The Gambia. 29 In our population, as people were sufficiently close to water sources, the relationship of increased trachoma with increasing distance to water, as was seen for example in Tanzania, 22 could not be observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…However, the dose of chlamydia imparted by a fly may be insufficient to establish an infection, but may be capable of eliciting the inflammatory response of clinical trachoma, which would be compatible with this observation. Although several other studies have found flies related to active trachoma in children, [22][23][24][25] only one study evaluated flies and the risk of infection, as measured using a direct fluorescent antibody test. 26 We found a positive association between infection and flies around the house, but flies on the face were not measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger

Amza

Beidou

Kadri

et al. 2006

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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Aims: To determine the association of personal and household risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger. Methods: 12 villages were randomly selected. A census of all households was carried out, and 651 children aged 1-5 years were randomly selected and examined. Household and personal characteristics were determined, trachoma was clinically assessed and a swab for ocular C trachomatis infection was taken. Results: The prevalence of trachoma was 43% (95% confidence interval (CI) 39% to 47%) and of infection was 21% (95% CI 18% to 24%). Children aged 3-5 years had a stronger association of clinical signs with infection, compared with those aged 1-2 years. Those with unclean faces were three times more likely to have clinical trachoma or ocular C trachomatis infection, compared with those with clean faces (OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.6 to 6.2) and 3.0 (95% CI 1.4 to 6.3), respectively). 75% of compounds were within 30 min of a water source. Flies on the face were a risk factor for trachoma but not for C trachomatis infection. Conclusions: The different association of clinical signs with infection in younger versus older children may be an age-dependent difference in the duration of clinical disease. In Niger, unclean faces are a major risk factor for trachoma. The ready availability of water for washing suggests that further research on the effect of a strong health education campaign promoting clean children is warranted in this area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger

Amza

Beidou

Kadri

et al. 2006

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…They also have been shown to spend less time collecting water (Aiga and Umenai, 2002), use greater quantities of water (Bailey et al, 1991;Polack et al, 2006), and practice improved hygiene behavior (Cairncross and Cliff, 1987;Curtis et al, 1995). Health benefits of hygiene reflect the Mills Reincke phenomenon (Sedgwick and MacNutt, 1908) of multiple health gains; for example, hygiene has been shown to reduce risk and prevalence of respiratory infections (Ryan et al, 2001;Rabie and Curtis, 2006), trachoma (Taylor et al, 1989;West et al, 1995), and diarrhea (Aung Myo and Thein, 1989;Cairncross et al, 2010). Repeated episodes of diarrhea have adverse effects on nutrition and growth in children (Black et al, 1984;Checkley et al, 2003), and the use of improved water sources, defined as water sources protected from outside contamination (WHO/UNICEF, 2012), has been associated with improved child height and weight outcomes (Tomkins et al, 1978;Esrey et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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“…61,65,66 While several studies have found a correlation between the availability of water and reduced trachoma infection, most of the recent literature suggests that it is the household use of available water for personal hygiene that is most important. 66 Studies have shown a correlation between the allocation of water for person hygiene and several socioeconomic variables such as education level, knowledge of the benefits of personal hygiene, and household wealth.…”

Section: Economic Distribution Analysismentioning

confidence: 40%

Global Burden of Trachoma and Economics of the Disease

2003

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Abstract. Interest in the economics of trachoma is high because of the refinement of a strategy to control trachomatous blindness, an ongoing global effort to eliminate incident blindness from trachoma by 2020, and an azithromycin donation program that is a component of trachoma control programs in several countries. This report comments on the economic distribution of blindness from trachoma and adds insight to published data on the burden of trachoma and the comparative costs and effects of trachoma control. Results suggest that 1) trichiasis without visual impairment may result in an economic burden comparable to trachomatous low vision and blindness so that 2) the monetary burden of trachoma may be 50% higher than conservative, published figures; 3) within some regions more productive economies are associated with less national blindness from trachoma; and 4) the ability to achieve a positive net benefit of trachoma control depends importantly on the cost per dose of antibiotic.

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Hygiene Factors and Increased Risk of Trachoma in Central Tanzania

Cited by 124 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger

Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Global Burden of Trachoma and Economics of the Disease

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