“…HA nanowires and nanosheets are capable for moderated reinforcement of the biomaterials and can be used as mechanical components to stiffen isotropic composite materials. In the case of sinterability of bioceramics, nanoparticles exhibit improved feature if compared to coarser particles [19].…”
Section: Nanostructured Hydroxyapatitementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Subcritical conditions can be classified as mild (temperatures near to 100°C) or elevated (temperature up to 250°C). Many studies are done with synthesis temperature in the range from mild to elevated subcritical conditions (~100-240°C), showing the formation of various morphologies of particles with different sizes [18,19,21,37,39,48,53,55,60,80,86,87,89].…”
Hydroxyapatite represents the natural inorganic component of the bone and may be considered an essential element required for the development of bone substitutes in the field of regenerative medicine. Hydroxyapatite bone substitutes own biomimetic, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive properties thanks to their chemical-physical properties and nanostructure that play a critical role for the reconstruction of calcified tissues. Controlling the structure of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals is vital for obtaining a sustained product, and it should be an advantage on the final materials suitable for bone replacement, in terms of adsorptive activity, drug delivery system, etc. Compared to other synthesis techniques, hydrothermal processing (refers to a synthesis in aqueous solution at elevated pressure and temperature, in a closed system) has the ability to precipitate the hydroxyapatite from overheated solution, regulating the rate and uniformity of nucleation, growth, and maturation, which affect size, morphology, and aggregation of the crystals. This chapter wants to provide an overview of realization of nanosized hydroxyapatite-based bioceramics (e.g., powder and 3D structures) with desired morphology of crystallites, by hydrothermal processing. In this way, some critical hydrothermal parameters fundamental on the control of the crystal shape and dimension (pH, temperature, starting precursors, etc.) are discussed.
“…HA nanowires and nanosheets are capable for moderated reinforcement of the biomaterials and can be used as mechanical components to stiffen isotropic composite materials. In the case of sinterability of bioceramics, nanoparticles exhibit improved feature if compared to coarser particles [19].…”
Section: Nanostructured Hydroxyapatitementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Subcritical conditions can be classified as mild (temperatures near to 100°C) or elevated (temperature up to 250°C). Many studies are done with synthesis temperature in the range from mild to elevated subcritical conditions (~100-240°C), showing the formation of various morphologies of particles with different sizes [18,19,21,37,39,48,53,55,60,80,86,87,89].…”
Hydroxyapatite represents the natural inorganic component of the bone and may be considered an essential element required for the development of bone substitutes in the field of regenerative medicine. Hydroxyapatite bone substitutes own biomimetic, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive properties thanks to their chemical-physical properties and nanostructure that play a critical role for the reconstruction of calcified tissues. Controlling the structure of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals is vital for obtaining a sustained product, and it should be an advantage on the final materials suitable for bone replacement, in terms of adsorptive activity, drug delivery system, etc. Compared to other synthesis techniques, hydrothermal processing (refers to a synthesis in aqueous solution at elevated pressure and temperature, in a closed system) has the ability to precipitate the hydroxyapatite from overheated solution, regulating the rate and uniformity of nucleation, growth, and maturation, which affect size, morphology, and aggregation of the crystals. This chapter wants to provide an overview of realization of nanosized hydroxyapatite-based bioceramics (e.g., powder and 3D structures) with desired morphology of crystallites, by hydrothermal processing. In this way, some critical hydrothermal parameters fundamental on the control of the crystal shape and dimension (pH, temperature, starting precursors, etc.) are discussed.
“…In hydrothermal treatment, the reagents are sealed in a reaction vessel, and are subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures. This method produces highly crystalline HAp with high phase purity [6].…”
Calcium phosphate materials can be produced using a number of wet methods that are based on hydrothermal or co-precipitation methods that might use acidic or basic chemical environments. In our previously published works, we have investigated calcium phosphates such as monetite, hydroxyapatite, and whitlockite which were successfully produced by mechano-chemical methods and/or hydrothermal treatments from a range of marine shells and corals which were obtained from the Great Barrier Reef. The aim of the current work was to analyze and compare the mechanisms of conversion of one hard coral species and one calcified algae species from the Great Barrier Reef.
“…5e), the surface was transformed into a crystalline morphology with a web-like structure, microwells along the grain boundaries, and spheroid bundles (Figs. 5g and 5h) [22]. The EDS spectra in Figs.…”
Section: Mineralization and Bioactivity Of Haps1 And Haps2mentioning
Bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp) material was synthesized using a simple wet chemical precipitation and heat-treatment method from snail (Achatina achatina) shells and a phosphate-containing solution. According to X-ray diffraction patterns obtained, the heat-treatment caused a crystallographic preferred orientation along the HAp c-axis and thus, affected the material mineralization and bioactivity modeled in vitro using simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 and 21 days. After 21 days of immersion, calcium and phosphate mineral concentrations in SBF decreased by 66% and 83%, respectively. This corresponded to a transformation from a poor calcium amorphous apatite phase (calcium phosphate) to a resorbing crystalline calcium apatite indicated by scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The material crystallite size (~15 nm), lattice parameters, physicochemical properties, and morphological characteristics were all typical of the human enamel apatite and, therefore, could be considered ideal for use in tooth repairs and implant surface coatings.
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