“…The sintered FGCMs were nearly fully dense and devoid of any cracks or other defects. Figure 23. (a–d) SEM images showing the different microstructural features of the ZrB 2 –SiC–CNT FGCM. (e) CNTs at the intergranular region between SiC and ZrB 2 particles are shown [33] (cited images have been reproduced with due permission from the publisher). Figure 24. (a) Schematic representation of the novel SPS setup consisting of dies with changing cross-sectional areas, (b) five-layered HA-BG FGCM with layer compositions 100%HA/70%HA–30%BG/50%HA–50%BG/20%HA–80%BG/100%%BG, and (c) five-layered HA/BG FGCM with layer compositions 70%HA–30%BG/50%HA–50%BG/20%HA–80%BG/10%HA–90%BG/100%BG [169] (cited images have been reproduced with due permission from the publisher).…”
Monolithic components are often insufficient when a combination of conflicting properties, or a variation in properties at different regions within a material is required. Functionally graded composite materials (FGCM) are a relatively new class of materials with a systematic variation of the composition, microstructure, and properties along one direction. The graded structure offers tailorable property combinations not achievable with monolithic composites and significant recent research has been carried out on their development. An effort has been made in this article to review the latest developments on bulk FGCMs since 2015. The different processing techniques used for their fabrication have been discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and recent advancements pertaining to FGCM fabrication. Various physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of FGCMs have been treated separately, and wherever possible, summary plots combining data from various research articles have been developed. Finally, potential areas for directing future FGCM research have been identified.
“…The sintered FGCMs were nearly fully dense and devoid of any cracks or other defects. Figure 23. (a–d) SEM images showing the different microstructural features of the ZrB 2 –SiC–CNT FGCM. (e) CNTs at the intergranular region between SiC and ZrB 2 particles are shown [33] (cited images have been reproduced with due permission from the publisher). Figure 24. (a) Schematic representation of the novel SPS setup consisting of dies with changing cross-sectional areas, (b) five-layered HA-BG FGCM with layer compositions 100%HA/70%HA–30%BG/50%HA–50%BG/20%HA–80%BG/100%%BG, and (c) five-layered HA/BG FGCM with layer compositions 70%HA–30%BG/50%HA–50%BG/20%HA–80%BG/10%HA–90%BG/100%BG [169] (cited images have been reproduced with due permission from the publisher).…”
Monolithic components are often insufficient when a combination of conflicting properties, or a variation in properties at different regions within a material is required. Functionally graded composite materials (FGCM) are a relatively new class of materials with a systematic variation of the composition, microstructure, and properties along one direction. The graded structure offers tailorable property combinations not achievable with monolithic composites and significant recent research has been carried out on their development. An effort has been made in this article to review the latest developments on bulk FGCMs since 2015. The different processing techniques used for their fabrication have been discussed, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and recent advancements pertaining to FGCM fabrication. Various physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of FGCMs have been treated separately, and wherever possible, summary plots combining data from various research articles have been developed. Finally, potential areas for directing future FGCM research have been identified.
“…These systems are useful for bone repair in cranial, maxillofacial areas and in dental applications, where limited mechanical loading exists. Furthermore, other studies have combined different materials to provide bioactivity and enhance the mechanical properties [ 111 , 112 , 113 ].…”
The incorporation of bioactive and biocompatible fillers improve the bone cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, thus facilitating new bone tissue formation upon implantation. During these last 20 years, those biocomposites have been explored for making complex geometry devices likes screws or 3D porous scaffolds for the repair of bone defects. This review provides an overview of the current development of manufacturing process with synthetic biodegradable poly(α-ester)s reinforced with bioactive fillers for bone tissue engineering applications. Firstly, the properties of poly(α-ester), bioactive fillers, as well as their composites will be defined. Then, the different works based on these biocomposites will be classified according to their manufacturing process. New processing techniques, particularly additive manufacturing processes, open up a new range of possibilities. These techniques have shown the possibility to customize bone implants for each patient and even create scaffolds with a complex structure similar to bone. At the end of this manuscript, a contextualization exercise will be performed to identify the main issues of process/resorbable biocomposites combination identified in the literature and especially for resorbable load-bearing applications.
“…The immersion of composites led to apatite formation . Few studies have been reported on HA/bioactive glass with soaking in SBF. , In the case of biodegradable materials, the degradation rate of orthopedic implants must coincide with new bone tissue regeneration. Biodegradable PLLA was found to have a mass loss of about 80% after 7 weeks when immersed in physiological saline .…”
Section: Multifunctional Behavior
Of Bulk Fgms and Fgcsmentioning
Functionally graded materials (FGMs)
are emerging materials systems,
with structures and compositions gradually changing in a particular
direction. Consequently, the properties of the materials gradually
change in the desired direction to achieve particular nonhomogeneous
service demands without abrupting the compositional and behavioral
interface at the macroscale. FGMs have been found to have high potential
as orthopedic implants; because the functional gradient can be adapted
in such a manner that the core of FGM should be compatible with the
density and strength of bone, interlayers can maintain the structural
integrity and outermost layers would provide bioactivity and corrosion
resistance, thus overall tailoring the stress shielding effect. This
review article discusses the typical FGM systems existing in nature
and the human body, focusing on bone tissue. Further, the reason behind
the application of these FGMs systems in orthopedic implants is explored
in detail, considering the physical and biological necessities. The
substantial focus of the present critical review is devoted to two
primary topics related to the usage of FGMs for orthopedic implants:
(1) the synthesizing techniques currently available to produce FGMs
for load-bearing orthopedic applications and (2) the properties, such
as mechanical, structural, and biological behavior of the FGMs. This
review article gives an insight into the potential of FGMs for orthopedic
applications.
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