Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic and Protein-Containing Biomass: A Comprehensive Review

Jatoi, Abdul Sattar; Shah, Ayaz Ali; Ahmed, Jawad; Rehman, Shamimur; Sultan, Syed Hasseb; Shah, Ajay; Raza, Ahmed; Mubarak, Nabisab Mujawar; Hashmi, Zubair; Usto, Muhammad Azam; Murtaza, Muhammed

doi:10.3390/catal12121621

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…After analyzing various studies on continuous HTL plants [2,[50][51][52][53], it is advisable to consider the benefits associated with specific plant reactor configurations. In cases where a tubular configuration is employed, advantages such as the absence of moving parts and ease of scalability become apparent.…”

Section: Process Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass

Shah,

Sharma,

Seehar

et al. 2024

Fuels

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL at 350 and 400 °C through six batch-scale experiments. An alkali catalyst (K2CO3) was used with wood and hydrolysis lignin, while e (Algae Sp.) was liquefied without catalyst. Further, two experiments were conducted on wood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at 350 and 400 °C which provided a batch versus continuous comparison. Results showed Algae Sp. had higher bio-crude yields, followed by wood and lignin. The subcritical temperature of 350 °C yielded more biocrude from all feedstocks than the supercritical range. At 400 °C, a significant change occurred in lignin, with the maximum percentage of solids. Additionally, the supercritical state gave higher values for Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and a greater amount of volatile matter in bio-crude. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that phenols dominated the composition of bio-crude derived from wood and hydrolysis lignin, whereas Algae Sp. bio-crude exhibited higher percentages of N-heterocycles and amides. The aqueous phase analysis showed a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) range from 7 to 22 g/L, with Algae Sp. displaying a higher Total Nitrogen (TN) content, ranging from 11 to 13 g/L. The pH levels of all samples were consistently within the alkaline range, except for Wood Cont. 350. In a broader perspective, the subcritical temperature range proved to be advantageous for enhancing bio-crude yield, while the supercritical state improved the quality of the bio-crude.

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Section: Process Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass

Shah,

Sharma,

Seehar

et al. 2024

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“…The HTL process encompasses a series of chemical reactions, including hydrolysis, depolymerization, dehydration, repolymerization, and condensation [12]. During hydrolysis, water molecules break down complex organic compounds into simpler constituents through the cleavage of chemical bonds.…”

Section: Overview Of Hydrothermal Liquefaction (Htl) Process and Cand...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Liu

Zeng

2023

Sustainability

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Despite intensive efforts to develop hydrothermal liquefaction for the conversion of wet biomass and biowaste feedstocks into valuable bio-oils, severe corrosion of conversion reactor alloys and other core components, induced by the pressurized hot water medium, catalysts, and inorganic and organic corrodants generated during the conversion process, has significantly hindered the industrial deployment of this attractive technology. In this paper, a general review of major operating parameters, including biomass feedstock types, temperature, pressure, and catalysts, was conducted to advance the understanding of their roles in conversion efficiency and the yield and properties of produced oils. Additionally, the corrosion performance of a representative constructional alloy (Alloy 33) was investigated in both non-catalytic and catalytic HTL environments at temperatures of 310 °C and 365 °C, respectively. The alloy experienced general oxidation in the non-catalytic HTL environment but suffered accelerated corrosion (up to 4.2 µm/year) with the addition of 0.5 M K2CO3 catalyst. The corrosion rate of the alloy noticeably increased with temperature and the presence of inorganic corrodants (S2− and Cl−) released from biowastes. SEM/XRD characterization showed that a thin and compact Cr-rich oxide layer grew on the alloy in the non-catalytic HTL environment, while the surface scale became a double-layer structure, composed of outer porous Fe/Cr/Ni oxides and inner Cr-rich oxide, with the introduction of the K2CO3 catalyst. From the corrosion perspective, the alloy is a suitable candidate for construction in the next phase of pilot-scale validation assessment.

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“…Therefore, the use of sewage sludge is convenient both to lower the economic impact of waste disposal in wastewater treatment plants and to increase the economic sustainability of the HTL process. The main bioconstituents of sewage sludge are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that under hydrothermal conditions are converted to bio-oils with high viscosity and relatively high levels of heteroatoms. − Studies on HTL of sewage sludges have been recently reviewed by Fan et al, reporting biocrude yield, HHV, and energy recovery values falling in the ranges of 10–50%, 27–75 MJ/kg, and 20–83%, respectively, as a function of the parent substrate, HTL operating conditions, and adopted catalyst . As an example, Thomsen et al applied the HTL process to sludge and wet wastes in a 20 mL batch reactor at different temperatures, also investigating the mixing of the different biomasses (fat, oil and grease, food waste, primary sludge, and secondary sludge) as feedstock .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Municipal Sewage Sludge in a 500 mL Batch Reactor

Di Lauro,

Balsamo,

Solimene

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This paper investigates the production of biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sewage sludge. Results on the effect of the separation protocol of the oily/aqueous phases highlighted the superior performance of inertial separation over liquid−liquid extraction, with a biocrude yield of 43% attained at a HTL temperature of 350 °C. Experimental results revealed that processing time exerts a nonmonotonic effect on the biocrude yield with maximum yields of 35 and 43% after 30 and 10 min processing times at 300 and 350 °C, respectively. The best results in terms of energy recovery (about 59%) and reduced content of S in the biocrude (about 1%) are obtained at 350 °C. A minimum yield of water-soluble compounds (29%) is achieved at 10 min of processing time at 350 °C, whereas the maximum yield (49%) is attained after 30 min of processing time at the same temperature. From both NMR and LC-MS analyses, the biocrude obtained proved to be a complex mixture mainly constituted by aliphatic compounds, with small amounts of aromatic compounds (including PAHs) and olefins. Finally, inorganic elements present in the sludge report entirely to the solid phase.

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Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic and Protein-Containing Biomass: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 145 publications

Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass

Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass

Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Characterization of Biocrude Produced by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Municipal Sewage Sludge in a 500 mL Batch Reactor

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