Hydrothermal fluid evolution in collisional Miocene porphyry copper deposits in Iran: Insights into factors controlling metal fertility

Zarasvandi, Alireza; Rezaei, Mohsen; Raith, Johann; Asadi, Sina; Lentz, David R.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.12.027

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Salinities of the hydrothermal fluids were calculated (Hall et al, 1988;Bodnar, 1993) as follows: 14.7-62.1 wt% NaCl equivalent (average 35.7 wt%) for the potassic zone and 18.1-43.1 wt% NaCl equivalent (average 31.8 wt%) for the phyllic zone. This result is different from what found by Zarasvandi et al (2019), who concluded that halite-saturated inclusions are volumetrically predominant in porphyry copper deposits in Iran. Becker and Bodnar (2008) classified halite-bearing inclusions into three homogenization temperature modes: (I) disappearance of halite and concomitant vapor-liquid homogenization (i.e., Th (H) = Th (L− V) ), (II) dissolution of halite preceding vapor-liquid homogenization (Th (H) < Th (L− V) ), and (III) vapor liquid homogenization preceding disappearance of halite (Th (H) > Th (L− V) ).…”

Section: Phyllic Alterationcontrasting

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal alteration in Eshtehard volcanoes, Iran: Constraints from trace elements redistribution and stable isotope geochemistry

Babazadeh

Ghalamghash

D’Antonio³

et al. 2021

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

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Section: Phyllic Alterationcontrasting

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal alteration in Eshtehard volcanoes, Iran: Constraints from trace elements redistribution and stable isotope geochemistry

Babazadeh

Ghalamghash

D’Antonio³

et al. 2021

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

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“…This is attributed to transpressive crustal shortening and thickening (Asadi et al, 2014;Shafiei et al, 2009). In several previous regional studies of the KCMA, there are possible links between adakite-like porphyry and mineralization (Aghazadeh et al, 2015;Asadi, 2018;Atapour and Aftabi, 2021;Zarasvandi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Geodynamic Settingmentioning

confidence: 84%

Insights on geochemical characteristics, microthermometry of hydrothermal fluids, and sulfur isotope systematics of the Daralu porphyry Cu deposit, SE Iran

Kahnouj,

H.Tangestani,

Asadi

2023

GeA

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The Miocene Daralu Porphyry Copper Deposits (PCDs) is found associated with other porphyries such as Sarcheshmeh and Meiduk in the Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Arc (KCMA), southern Iran. In this research, we provided whole-rock geochemical data, characteristics of hydrothermal fluid and sulfur isotope composition of the Daralu intrusive body, and discussed the nature, tectonic setting and fluid evolution of this deposit aiming to investigate its fertility. The Daralu porphyry shows adakites affinity, that is, high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and positive Eu anomalies. The REEs patterns indicate a strong fractionation ([La/Yb]n= 28.73). High La/Sm and Dy/Yb ratios suggest enrichment of amphibole and garnet as residual phases in melt source, whereas partial melting of plagioclase increases Eu and Sr in the parent magma. The presence of garnet implies a pressure equivalent to the thickness of more than 40km of crust. To elucidate the evolutionary history of fluids and the origin of the Daralu deposit, we focused on the origin and composition of the fluid through petrography, laser Raman, and microthermometry studies of fluid inclusions. The fluid inclusions have been divided into four types: vapor (type I), aqueous-vapor (type II), CO2-bearing (type III), and multiphase (type IV). The Raman shifts included 1284 and 1388 cm−1 for CO2 and 2750–3900 cm−1 for H2O. The events such as NaCl supersaturation, exhausting of CO2-rich components, high oxygen fugacity and temperature decreasing through mineralization stages were critical in controlling the fertility of the Daralu PCD. The obtained δ34S data for sulfides yielded an average of +5.5‰. Based on the observed features, it was concluded that Daralu porphyry shares formation conditions with other productive porphyries of the KMCA.

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“…Spatially analyzed biotite samples are associated with quartz grains trapping boiling fluid inclusions and sulfide mineralization (e.g., pyrite and chalcopyrite). Obviously, the obtained temperatures could reflect the temperature of sulfide mineralization (e.g., Zarasvandi et al ., , ). It is important to note that, in most of the porphyry copper systems, sulfide precipitation occurs when SO 2 content of the magmatic–hydrothermal system is progressively disproportionate to H 2 S and H 2 SO 4 (Richards, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

Rezaei

Zarasvandi

2019

Resource Geology

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Empirical geothermometer dealing with Ti solubility in the Fe‐Mg biotites was originally proposed for biotites in graphitic, peraluminous metapelites containing ilmenite or rutile that equilibrated roughly at 4–6 kbar. Given that biotites are abundant in the porphyry copper systems, this geothermometer has frequently been used for the determination of magmatic–hydrothermal temperatures in the porphyry copper systems. Common associations of porphyry copper deposits (PCDs), that is, low Al content of biotite, biotite chloritization (causes the biotite to become more magnesian and to lose Ti), and biotite formation by amphibole replacement, as well as disequilibrium, local equilibrium, or re‐equilibration of biotites, especially through potassic alteration, may provide significant uncertainty in the temperatures estimated a by Ti‐in‐biotite geothermometer. In addition, besides the calibration range of thermometer for pressure (400–600 MPa), the temperatures of major sulfide precipitation in PCDs (>~400°C) does not fit with the temperature range of thermometer calibration (480–800°C). Worth noting, as confirmed by fluid inclusion data in the Sarkuh PCD, regardless of presence of mineralogical requirements, obtained temperatures of sulfide mineralization using Ti in biotite thermometer could be overestimated. This may be due to the difference between general conditions of sulfide mineralization and calibration range of Ti in the biotite thermometer for pressure and temperature, as well as the metaluminous nature of biotites in PCDs.

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Hydrothermal fluid evolution in collisional Miocene porphyry copper deposits in Iran: Insights into factors controlling metal fertility

Cited by 15 publications

References 58 publications

Hydrothermal alteration in Eshtehard volcanoes, Iran: Constraints from trace elements redistribution and stable isotope geochemistry

Hydrothermal alteration in Eshtehard volcanoes, Iran: Constraints from trace elements redistribution and stable isotope geochemistry

Insights on geochemical characteristics, microthermometry of hydrothermal fluids, and sulfur isotope systematics of the Daralu porphyry Cu deposit, SE Iran

Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

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