Hydrostatic Pressure Sensor Based on Mode Interference of a Few Mode Fiber

Chen, Daru; Wu, Chuang; Tse, Ming Leung Vincent; Tam, Hwa Yaw

doi:10.2528/pier11071001

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…where neff is the effective index of the fundamental mode guided in the FP cavity and L is the cavity length. In the MZI configuration, the interference is typically formed by two waveguides, e.g., two cores in a fiber [102], or two guiding modes, e.g., a two-mode fiber [103].The propagation constants of the fundamental mode guided in each core are different, depending on the fiber design. The phase difference of MZI can be formulated as ( )…”

Section: Interferometric Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Smart Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication, and Sensing Applications

et al. 2019

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This paper presents a review of the development of optical fibers made of multiple materials, particularly including silica glass, soft glass, polymers, hydrogels, biomaterials, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and Polyperfluoro-Butenylvinyleth (CYTOP). The properties of the materials are discussed according to their various applications. Typical fabrication techniques for specialty optical fibers based on these materials are introduced, which are mainly focused on extrusion, drilling, and stacking methods depending on the materials' thermal properties. Microstructures render multiple functions of optical fibers and bring more flexibility in fiber design and device fabrication. In particular, micro-structured optical fibers made from different types of materials are reviewed. The sensing capability of optical fibers enables smart monitoring. Widely used techniques to develop fiber sensors, i.e., fiber Bragg grating and interferometry, are discussed in terms of sensing principles and fabrication methods. Lastly, sensing applications in oil/gas, optofluidics, and particularly healthcare monitoring using specialty optical fibers are demonstrated. In comparison with conventional silica-glass single-mode fiber, state-of-the-art specialty optical fibers provide promising prospects in sensing applications due to flexible choices in materials and microstructures.

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Section: Interferometric Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Smart Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication, and Sensing Applications

et al. 2019

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“…The transverse intensity distribution diverges strongly along the FMF, for each spatial mode propagates at a different phase velocity [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, to excite a single higher-order mode in the fiber, a stable transverse beam pattern is required [ 26 , 27 ]. Figure 1 exemplifies the dependency of the normalized group delay

upon the normalized frequency

for the first four LP modes, which is expressed as [ 28 ]:

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

Weng

Ip²,

Pan

et al. 2016

Sensors

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The concepts of spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) technology were first proposed in the telecommunications industry as an indispensable solution to reduce the cost-per-bit of optical fiber transmission. Recently, such spatial channels and modes have been applied in optical sensing applications where the returned echo is analyzed for the collection of essential environmental information. The key advantages of implementing SDM techniques in optical measurement systems include the multi-parameter discriminative capability and accuracy improvement. In this paper, to help readers without a telecommunication background better understand how the SDM-based sensing systems can be incorporated, the crucial components of SDM techniques, such as laser beam shaping, mode generation and conversion, multimode or multicore elements using special fibers and multiplexers are introduced, along with the recent developments in SDM amplifiers, opto-electronic sources and detection units of sensing systems. The examples of SDM-based sensing systems not only include Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry or Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDR/BOTDA) using few-mode fibers (FMF) and the multicore fiber (MCF) based integrated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, but also involve the widely used components with their whole information used in the full multimode constructions, such as the whispering gallery modes for fiber profiling and chemical species measurements, the screw/twisted modes for examining water quality, as well as the optical beam shaping to improve cantilever deflection measurements. Besides, the various applications of SDM sensors, the cost efficiency issue, as well as how these complex mode multiplexing techniques might improve the standard fiber-optic sensor approaches using single-mode fibers (SMF) and photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have also been summarized. Finally, we conclude with a prospective outlook for the opportunities and challenges of SDM technologies in optical sensing industry.

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“…The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is not very sensitive to the hydrostatic pressure and the fabrication needs high cost equipments, which is the same for the FPIs. We have recently proposed a hydrostatic pressure sensor based on mode interference of a few mode fiber [71], which also needs a 37-cm sensing fiber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrostatic Pressure Sensor Based on a Gold-Coated Fiber Modal Interferometer Using Lateral Offset Splicing of Single Mode Fiber

Chen¹,

Cheng²

2012

PIER

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Abstract-A novel hydrostatic pressure sensor based on a gold-coated fiber modal interferometer (FMI) is proposed and demonstrated. Two single mode fibers (SMFs) are spliced with a lateral offset which forms a single-end FMI. The single-end FMI is gold-coated to enhance the reflectivity and to avoid the influence of any unwanted light from getting into the sensor. Relative reflection spectra of the proposed FMIs with different sensing SMF lengths or different lateral offsets are experimentally investigated. A high hydrostatic pressure sensor test system is proposed for the testing of the proposed FMI pressure sensor. The performance of a gold-coated FMI pressure sensor based on a 12-mm sensing SMF has been experimentally investigated. The proposed pressure sensor has a sensing range from 0 to 42 MPa and a sensitivity of 53 pm/MPa.

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Hydrostatic Pressure Sensor Based on Mode Interference of a Few Mode Fiber

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Multifunctional Smart Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication, and Sensing Applications

Multifunctional Smart Optical Fibers: Materials, Fabrication, and Sensing Applications

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

Hydrostatic Pressure Sensor Based on a Gold-Coated Fiber Modal Interferometer Using Lateral Offset Splicing of Single Mode Fiber

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