“…However, the limitation associated with the ES mainly lies in its inadequacy in differentiating, uniquely, each individual deterioration mechanism, such as carbonation, as the electrical properties of concrete can also be affected by other factors such as moisture change, ions ingress and ongoing hydration. Due to this reason, fibre optic sensors (FOS) have attracted tremendous attentions in recent years for its merits of inert nature, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lightweight/miniature and multiplexing into multisensing [34][35][36]. More importantly, FOS can overcome the drawback of ES by encapsulating the fibre tip with specific chemical dyes so that each individual deterioration mechanism can be uniquely differentiated [30 ,36-38].…”