Hydrosols from Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Cupressus sempervirens: Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Evaluation

Abstract

The present work evaluates the aromatic waters of rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. syn. Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) obtained as innovative commercial products of a hydrodistillation process. All extracts were exhaustively analysed by GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and LC-MS in order to evaluate potential metabolite fingerprint differences. GC-MS appears to be the most exhaustive technique for the qualitative identification of the single constituents, although in this case, the use of 1H-NMR and LC-MS techniques allowed some useful considerations in semi-quantitative terms. Antimycotic effects were studied against Tricophyton, Candida, and Arthroderma species, resulting in weak activity. The toxicological impact was partly evaluated in vitro by means of allelopathy and brine shrimp lethality. Cytotoxicity was investigated in human colon cancer cells (HCT116) and in hypothalamic cells (Hypo-E22) challenged with hydrogen peroxide. Sage and rosemary hydrosols were the most effective antimycotics, whereas all hydrosols displayed antiradical effects. Cytotoxic effects against HCT116 cells (at 500 µL/mL) were related in silico to the endovanilloid TRPM8 and TRPV1 receptors. At lower concentrations (5–50 µL/mL), the hydrosols protected hypothalamic neurons Hypo-E22 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity. The overall experience indicates that hydrolates are an important source of relevant phytochemicals with significant pharmacological potential.

Biological Investigation and Chemical Study of Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Brassicaeae) Leaves

“…ESI-MS spectra were acquired in a scan range of 150–1200 m/z in negative and positive ion ESI mode, operating in full MS/MS scan (70,000 resolution, maximum injection time 220 ms) and data-dependent (17,500 resolution, maximum injection time 60 ms). Ionization parameters were used as previously reported [ 50 ]. Xcalibur 3.1 software (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) was used for data elaboration.…”

Non-Volatile and Volatile Bioactives of Salvia officinalis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Laurus nobilis L. Extracts with Potential Use in the Development of Functional Beverages

“…Monoterpenes were the most common isolated volatile organic compounds in the examined extracts. The oxygenated monoterpenes β-thujone (32.73%), α-thujone (17.99%), camphor (14.42%) and 1,8-cineole (13.08%) were the major constituents in the aqueous extract of S. These monoterpenes are well known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [ 63 ] and were also previously reported as the major constituents in sage hydrolate [ 12 , 64 , 65 ] and in much higher concentrations in a sage essential oil [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Additionally, Baydar et al [ 12 ] compared distilled and extracted products of sage and determined that 1,8-cineole and camphor were present in greater quantities in the hydrolate in comparison to the essential oil, which can be explained by their better solubility in water.…”

Antibacterial Potential of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Prepared Hydrolates from Different Salvia Species

“…The preparations of sage are known for their antibacterial activity against various bacteria [ 30 , 31 ]. Hydrolates have recently attracted attention for their antimicrobial activity, especially against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi [ 32 ]. The chemotype of a hydrolate is important to understand the mechanisms of its biological activity.…”

“…Other hydrolates have shown antibacterial effects as they accumulate in the cell membrane, affecting its integrity and causing the release of intracellular material [ 33 ]. It is known that the volatile profiles of hydrolates depend on the origin of the plant material [ 32 ].…”