Hydronium‐Ion Batteries with Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride Crystals as an Electrode

Abstract

We demonstrate for the first time that hydronium ions can be reversibly stored in an electrode of crystalline 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). PTCDA exhibits a capacity of 85 mAh g at 1 A g after an initial conditioning process. Ex situ X-ray diffraction revealed reversible and significant structure dilation upon reduction of PTCDA in an acidic electrolyte, which can only be ascribed to hydronium-ion intercalation. The lattice expansion upon hydronium storage was theoretically explored by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which confirmed the hydronium storage in PTCDA.

Molecular Design Strategies for Electrochemical Behavior of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Electrolytes

“…Although aqueous solution batteries are still in their infancy, various cationic batteries in an aqueous electrolyte with nucleophilic addition reaction of the carbonyl are discussed, such as those of H + , [165] NH 4 + , [65] Li + , [166,167] K + , [168,169] Na + , [170][171][172] Mg 2+ , [62] Zn 2+ , [173][174][175] and Ca 2+ . Improving the conductivity and binding in the active material, and the selection of a solid electrolyte and gel electrolyte, could alleviate the side effects.…”

“…[165] The shrinkage and expansion of the crystal structure of PA-3 in acidic electrolyte during the charge-discharge process were characterized by in situ XRD, and it was found that the hydrated hydrogen ions could be embedded with the carbonyl group. The first task was to determine whether hydrogen ions would participate in the nucleophilic addition reaction.…”

Hydronium Ion Batteries: A Sustainable Energy Storage Solution

“…Batteries represent an indispensable technology to propel the green economy;this would be true if the energy used to manufacture batteries is coming from renewable sources and the energy that is to charge the batteries is renewable as well. [7] In that study,t hey observed ah ighly reversible discharge-charge behavior of PTCDAi na n aqueous acidic electrolyte of 1m H 2 SO 4 after an initial conditioning process (Figure 1a). If such power comes from power plants that rely on burning fossil fuels,t his would not be able to solve the problems of environment pollution and lack of sustainability.T herefore, grid-scale storage must be realized to enable an energy ecosystem, which can store the energy from renewable-butintermittent sources (sun and wind).…”

“…[7] In that study,t hey observed ah ighly reversible discharge-charge behavior of PTCDAi na n aqueous acidic electrolyte of 1m H 2 SO 4 after an initial conditioning process (Figure 1a). [7] In that study,t hey observed ah ighly reversible discharge-charge behavior of PTCDAi na n aqueous acidic electrolyte of 1m H 2 SO 4 after an initial conditioning process (Figure 1a).…”

Recent Progress on Molybdenum Oxides for Rechargeable Batteries

“…[45,64] However,c urrent materials to store these nonmetal ions are rare and need to be explored urgently.R ecently,w er eported the redox chemistry of the MoO 3 electrode for hydrogen-ion storage and proposed its reaction mechanism. Despite batteries being based on metal ions, nonmetal ions, including protons and NH 4 + ,h ave been explored as good energy carriers due to their small volumea nd being lightweight.…”